innovative thinking assignment , regarding recombinant Dna technology. it is about how to bring back extinct life back from the dead in this 21st century using new technologies at our disposal!

1. C O M I N G B A C K T O L I F E

2. I would like to thank my professor Upasana Datta
( Dept of Oceanography), for providing me the
opportunity to present such a innovative task, that
required imagination and hard work to complete
this presentation.
I would like to thank you for providing me the
opportunity to learn new things about paleontology
, Anthropology and history of earth.
Learning about evolution and extinction of
Dinosaurs was exciting and knowledgeable.

3. During the “Mesozoic Era”- an era of reptiles
, there lived huge animals called Dinosaurs .
The largest dinosaurs were over 100 feet (30
m) long and up to 50 feet (15 m) tall (for
example–Ultrasauros,Argentinosaurus).
The smallest dinosaurs,
like Compsognathus, were about the size of
a chicken. Most dinosaurs were in-between.
There were lots of different kinds of
dinosaurs that lived at different times.
Some walked on two legs (they were
bipedal),
some walked on four (they were
quadrupedal). Some could do both.
Some were speedy (like Velociraptor), and
some were slow and lumbering
(likeAnkylosaurus).
Some were armor-plated, some had horns,
crests, spikes,or frills.Some had thick,

4.  Dinosaurs went extinct about 65 million years ago (at the end of the
Cretaceous Period), after living on Earth for about 165 million years. If all
of Earth time from the very beginning of the dinosaurs to today were
compressed into 365 days (1 calendar year), the dinosaurs appeared
January 1 and became extinct the third week of September. (Using this
same time scale, the Earth would have formed approximately 18.5 years
earlier.) By comparison, people (Homo sapiens) have been on earth only
since December 31 (New Year's eve). The dinosaurs' long period of
dominance certainly makes them unqualified successes in the history of
life on Earth .[2]
 Most theories pertaining to this extinction are based on climate change,
perhaps brought on by volcanism, lowering sea level, and shifting
continents or even asteroid hitting the earth. But hundreds of other
theories were developed, some reasonable but others rather far-fetched

5. Dinosaurs became extinct about 65millions years ago, but the
search for their DNA has continued , for there is a glimmer of hope
that may be one day dinosaur DNA may be isolated and the once
gigantic beasts could be brought back to life .
There is a problem to this , that is, the half life of DNA is 521 years
[4].so according to known knowledge, biochemically it is
impossible to extract DNA from a 65 million years old DNA sample
with the help of existing technology.
Most of the isolated dinosaur DNA are contaminated by other
microorganisms or environmental factors .
But in 2005 Mary Schweitzer and colleagues announced that they
had found remnants of blood vessels in a thigh bone
from Tyrannosaurus. Four years later, Schweitzer and coauthors
described other soft tissue tidbits from the
hadrosaur Brachylophosaurus. These weren’t fresh flesh. They
had been altered over the course of time. Nevertheless, they

6. And now, just in time for the release of Jurassic World,
(THE MOVIE) , Sergio Bertazzo, Susannah Maidment,
and colleagues have offered a look at possible 75 million
year old dinosaur blood cells. [7]
The researchers didn’t pop the champagne on first sight
of the microscopic structures. There were other possible
explanations. Perhaps someone had accidentally bled
on the fossil while it was in storage, for example. But
through visual and biochemical investigations, the
researchers were able to rule out human contamination.
Additional studies will hopefully test the idea, but, for
now, there’s a good chance that the scrappy bones at
the center of the study really do preserve some
degraded dino blood.[5]
This wasn’t an isolated find. Out of eight dinosaur bones
the researchers examined, they found some kind of soft
tissue structure – be it blood cells, collagen fibers, or
unknown carbon-rich structures – in six of them. This
came as a shock. The bones were fragments. The sort
of scrap curators are ok with paleontologists using for

7. Dinosaur DNA can be
mainly extracted from
dinosaur fossils.
Fossils are preserved
samples of beings that
lived thousands or
millions of years ago ,
in an intact form.
The fossils provides
bones, from these
bones or shards of
bone some DNA can
be extracted(as
preserved connective

8. [8]

16. ) [11]

18.  Extracted DNA from
samples of dinosaurs
can be transferred via
vectors or by vector-
less (direct)method to
multipotent cells(eggs
of female) and then
placed into a closely
related species(into
the uterus). Then they
are allowed to grow
and after the required
amount of gestation
period , baby
dinosaurs will be born.
The basic procedure
is :
Extraction of
dinosaur DNA from
fossils .
The DNA is
transferred to a
enucleated egg of a
donor female of the
related species .
The egg is
transferred to a
surrogate mother ,
where it will be
fertilized by a male.

19. DIRECT TRANSFER
VECTOR-MEDIATED
TRANSFER
Electroporation
Particle
Bombardment(biolistics)
Micro-injection
Liposome mediated
transformation
PEG mediated DNA
transfer
DEAE mediated DNA
transfer
Calcium-Phosphate co-
precipitation mediated
Adeno-associated DNA
transfer
DNA –molecular
conjugates
Human artificial
chromosomes.
Lipoplexes(liposome
mediated DNA
transfer)

20. EXAMPLES OF DNA TRANSFER TECHNIQUES
MICRO-
INJECTION
ELECTROPORATION
BIOLISTICS

21. DNA extracted from
fossils are amplified by
PCR. Then the DNA is
transferred to a
enucleated eggs cell of
either a Asiatic elephant
or African elephant ,
since they have
evolutionary relationship.
The eggs are
transferred to a
surrogate mother,
then fertilized by
a male elephant,
The fertilized
grow inside the
surogate mother.
After the
required amount
of time
(gestation
period)
Baby Mammoth
will be born

22. Pterodactylus fossil
Extracted DNA from fossils is
amplified by PCR, then it is
transferred to a enucleated
egg cell of a Bat or Drosophila
melanogaster.
The egg is then transferred to
a surrogate mother womb
where it is fertilized by the
donor sperm by the male .
Baby “Pterodactylus“ will be
born from the surrogate
mother.

23. [1] http://www.cmw.co.za/wool/clip_advice/dinosaurs.txt
[2] http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/dinosaurs/extinct.html
[3]http://paleobiology.si.edu/dinosaurs/info/everything/why.html
[4] https://www.icr.org/article/7160/
[5] Schweitzer, M., Wittmeyer, J., Horner, J., Toporski, J. 2005. Soft-tissue
vessels and cellular preservation in Tyrannosaurus rex. Science. 307, 5717:
1952-1955. doi: 10.1126/science.1108397
[6]http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2015/06/16/scrappy-fossils-yield-
possible-dinosaur-blood-cells/
[7] Bertazzo, S., Maidment, S., Kallepitis, C., Fearn, S., Stevens, M., Xie, H.
2015.Fibres and cellular structures preserved in 75-million-year-old dinosaur
specimens. Nature Communications. doi: 10.1038/ncomms8352
[8] http://www.icr.org/article/dinosaur-DNA-research-tale-wagging/
[9] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
[10] http://www.ebi.ac.uk/Tools/msa/clustalw2/
[11] http://www.DNAdarwin.org/casestudies/10/FILES/MammothSG2.0.pdf
[12] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2278091/