Photosynthesis is the process by which plants and other autotrophs convert sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water into glucose and oxygen. It occurs in two stages - the light reactions where light energy is absorbed to produce ATP and NADPH, and the dark reactions where carbon is fixed into sugars using the energy from the light reactions. Chloroplasts are the organelles where photosynthesis takes place, containing chlorophyll and other pigments to absorb light as well as membranes and an inner fluid compartment where the reactions occur.

1. Photosynthesis