Produced Water | Session IX - JP Nicot

Source and Fate of Hydraulic Fracturing Water in Texas

Educación

2
Bureau of Economic Geology
BARNETT SHALE
HAYNESVILLE
SHALE
EAGLE FORD SHALE
PEARSALL SHALE
SHALES
TIGHT GAS
Granite wash, Cleveland, Marmaton
BOSSIER SHALE
Cotton Valley,
Travis Peak
Spraberry
and others
Canyon Sands
Vicksburg,
Wilcox
Olmos
WOODFORD SHALE
BARNETT SHALE
AVALON / BONESPRING
TIGHT OIL
WOLFCAMP SHALE
CLINE SHALE

3
Bureau of Economic Geology
Final Result:
Hydraulic Fracturing Water Use
2008: 36 kAF 2011: 81.5 kAF
1 AF = 325,851 gallons
1 AF = 2-3 households/yr
1kAF = 1.23×106 m3
Source of raw data: IHS Enerdeq database; in Nicot et al. 2012 report

4
Bureau of Economic Geology
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
M
unicipal
M
anufacturing
M
ining
Steam
-electric
Livestock
Irrigation
2001-2010AverageWaterUse(kAF)
Texas water use
Total = ~15,000 kAF/yr

5
Bureau of Economic Geology
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
M
unicipal
M
anufacturing
M
ining
Steam
-electric
Livestock
Irrigation
2001-2010AverageWaterUse(kAF)
Texas water use
Total = ~15,000 kAF/yr
2011 Mining consumption:
Oil and Gas = ~120 kAF water use
(HF, drilling, waterflooding)
HF = ~81.5 kAF water use
HF = ~65 kAF water consumption
All others = ~100kAF
Total consumption = ~190 kAF
2008 Mining consumption:
Oil and Gas = ~60 kAF (~36 kAF HF)
(HF, drilling, waterflooding)
Coal/Lignite = ~20 kAF
Aggregates = ~70 kAF
Others= ~10 kAF
Total= ~160 kAF
HF water use is small at the state level, also true
for water consumption

6
Bureau of Economic Geology
GW/SW split: little known
• 2006 survey in Barnett:
~60% groundwater
Based on ~30% of water use
SW
GW

7
Bureau of Economic Geology
GW/SW split: little known
• 2006 survey in Barnett:
~60% groundwater
• 2011-12 Barnett:
~20-30% groundwater
• 2012 Haynesville-ETx:
~70% groundwater
• 2012 Eagle Ford:
~90% groundwater
• 2012 Permian B.:
~100% groundwater
Based on ~30% of water use
SW
GW

8
Bureau of Economic Geology
GW/SW split: little known
• 2006 survey in Barnett:
~60% groundwater
• 2011-12 Barnett:
~20-30% groundwater
• 2013 Barnett:
• ~60% groundwater
Based on ~30% of water use
SW
GW

9
Bureau of Economic Geology
Fraction
from
recycling /
reuse and
brackish
East Texas:
R/R: 5%
BK: ~0%
Eagle Ford:
R/R: ~0%
BK: 20%
Barnett:
R/R: 5%
BK: 3%
Anadarko:
R/R: 20%
BK: 30%
Midland:
R/R: 2%
BK: 30%
Delaware:
R/R: 0%
BK: 80%
Based on ~30% of water use
Fresh
water
R/R
Brackish
Large Operators: from 0% to 100% BK
depending on play and operator

10
Bureau of Economic Geology
Flowback
at end of
Year1
Haynesville:
~15%
Eagle Ford:
~20%
Barnett:
~60%
Anadarko:
~100%
Midland:
~75%
Delaware:
~80%
Cotton Valley:
~60%
Based on ~30% of water use

11
Bureau of Economic Geology
Monthly produced water percentiles –
Barnett Shale
Number of wells having
produced that many months
90th percentile
Median
5th percentile
Nicot et al., in review

12
Bureau of Economic Geology
5th, 30th, 50th, 70th, and 90th monthly
produced water percentiles – Barnett Shale
Number of wells having
produced that many months
75th percentile
Median
30th percentile
Nicot et al., in review

13
Bureau of Economic Geology
5th, 30th, 50th, 70th, and 90th cumulative
produced water percentiles – Barnett Shale
Number of wells having
produced that many months
90th percentile
Median
5th percentile
Nicot et al., in review

$14 Bureau of Economic Geology 5th, 30th, 50th, 70th, and 90th produced water fraction (%) percentiles – Barnett Shale Number of wells having produced that many months 75th percentile Median 30th percentile Nicot et al., in review$

15
Bureau of Economic Geology
Produced water time variability
2011
2011
2010
2010
2009
2008
2009 2008
2007
2005
2006
2007
Nicot et al., in review

$16 Bureau of Economic Geology County-level produced water fraction$

$17 Bureau of Economic Geology •1 month •2 months •3 months •6 months •1 year •2 years •3 years County-level produced water fraction from well completion Nicot et al., in review$

18
Bureau of Economic Geology
• 2000
• 2001
• 2002
• 2003
• 2004
• 2005
• 2006
• 2007
• 2008
• 2009
• 2010
• 2011
Annual injection well
volumes through time
Nicot et al., in review

Houston
San Antonio
Eagle Pass+
Laredo+
C.C.
The Valley
Credit: NASA - NOAA
QUESTIONS?

20
Bureau of Economic Geology
Source of data for publications?
2007
2011
2012

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Since August 2014, the US-led air campaign against the Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham (ISIS) has successfully inflicted casualties on ISIS and weakened its oil revenues. However, the same efforts have also accelerated the rise of the Nusra Front, an al-Qaeda affiliate, and the near-collapse of nationalist rebel forces. In "Defeating the Jihadists in Syria: Competition before Confrontation," Faysal Itani of the Atlantic Council's Rafik Hariri Center for the Middle East details the unintended consequences of the coalition air campaign and proposes a revised US strategy. He argues that the United States can effectively assist nationalist insurgents to defeat ISIS and the Nusra Front by enabling them to compete with and contain these groups before ultimately confronting them. Itani writes that the US-led campaign thus far and the train-and-equip initiative set to begin next month undermine and weaken nationalist rebel forces. He criticizes these efforts for failing to provide sufficient support to the rebel forces, while directing them to target ISIS instead of the regime. Meanwhile, the Nusra Front and other jihadist organizations have greater resources and have been effective in targeting the Assad regime. As such, nationalist rebel forces and local populations have increasingly aligned with the Nusra Front and even tolerate ISIS in order to protect themselves against regime violence, criminality, and chaos. Itani's proposed US strategy offers a practical and workable response to the rise of jihadists groups in Syria; this revised strategy seeks to support rebel forces to compete with the Nusra Front for popular support and to take control of the insurgency, contain ISIS, and build capacity for an eventual offensive against the jihadists. This approach will build on positive results in southern Syria by significantly increasing direct financial and material support and training for vetted nationalist groups that have already shown significant success. Simultaneously, in the north the campaign can provide sufficient material support to nationalist forces while expanding coalition air strikes to target ISIS's frontlines, allowing the nationalist insurgency to defend and govern territory. Only once nationalist insurgent forces have successfully competed with the Nusra Front and contained ISIS can they confront and ultimately defeat the jihadist groups in Syria.

Defeating the Jihadists in Syria: Competition before Confrontation

We have entered a new era in world history, a post-post-Cold War era that holds both great promise and great peril for the United States, its allies, and everyone else. We now can call this a "Westphalian-Plus" world, in which nation-states will have to engage on two distinct levels: dealing with other nation-states as before, and dealing with a vast array of important nonstate actors. This era calls for a new approach to national strategy called "dynamic stability." The authors of this paper—Atlantic Council Vice President and Scowcroft Center Director Barry Pavel and Senior Fellow Peter Engelke, with the help of Assistant Director Alex Ward—kick off the Atlantic Council Strategy Paper series by telling the United States to seek stability while leveraging dynamic trends at the same time. The central task facing America is "to harness change in order to save the system," meaning the preservation of the rules-based international order that has benefited billions around the world, including Americans themselves, since 1945. Within its pages, the paper outlines the components of strategy in a swiftly-changing world.

Dynamic Stability: US Strategy for a World in Transition

Setting the Stage for Peace in Syria: The Case for a Syrian National Stabiliz...

Mexico's historic energy reforms continue to hold exciting promise for the country, achieving the requisite constitutional and implementing legislation over the last fifteen months. The global oil price climate, however, has prompted a few mid-course corrections to the rollout of the reforms. For Mexico to continue to attract excitement for its energy sector, the government will need to maintain a degree of flexibility while holding true to the principles of the reforms.

Mexicos energy reform

Places like Singapore, Boston, Bangalore, Pittsburgh, Silicon Valley, and others are known as leaders in innovation, but when it comes to building the knowledge economy, the Gulf has become one of the most ambitious regions in the world. A decade ago, the consensus from outside the region was that Middle Eastern countries, including those in the Gulf, were a long way from developing knowledge economies— defined as economies that combine advanced research and development, entrepreneurialism, and creative thinking into innovative, wealth-generating enterprises. Fast-forward to 2015, and many Arab Gulf countries have become well known for their attempts at building knowledge economies, for instance through innovation clusters such as Abu Dhabi's Masdar City, Dubai's TechnoPark, Qatar's Science and Technology Park, and Saudi Arabia's King Abdullah University of Science and Technology. Through these and other efforts, Gulf countries have invested billions of dollars in dozens of initiatives to co-locate the sources of innovation—research labs, venture capital, entrepreneurs, high-technology companies, and educational institutions, in hopes of building globally renowned knowledge economies. In Brainstorming the Gulf: Innovation and the Knowledge Economy in the GCC, the report's author, Peter Engelke, Senior Fellow for the Strategic Foresight Initiative in the Atlantic Council's Brent Scowcroft Center on International Security, highlights the successes that Gulf states have enjoyed to date and addresses the major hurdles to sustaining and expanding these successes. While all signs point to the staying power of Arab Gulf leadership's long-term commitment to the knowledge economy, the harder part will be sustaining the knowledge economy's soft infrastructure—the dimension of entrepreneurial culture involving creativity, expression, inclusion, disruption, and borrowing from global cultural flows. If talented people are at the core of the innovation process, government policy in the Gulf ought to focus as much on the creation of dynamic and livable places in order to attract and retain the best talent from all over the world. As Arab Gulf states have already discovered, this pathway is disruptive, bringing with it significant social consequences.

Gulf innovation web