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Foreign and Military Policy
1.
Chapter 20Chapter 20 Foreign
andForeign and Military PolicyMilitary Policy
2.
Copyright © 2011
CengageCopyright © 2011 Cengage WHO GOVERNS?WHO GOVERNS? 1.1. Is American foreign policy set by publicIs American foreign policy set by public wishes or elite views?wishes or elite views? 2.2. If only Congress can declare war, whyIf only Congress can declare war, why has the president become so powerfulhas the president become so powerful in military affairs?in military affairs? TO WHAT ENDS?TO WHAT ENDS? 1.1. Why do we go to war against someWhy do we go to war against some dictatorships and not others?dictatorships and not others? 2.2. Should our foreign policy be based onShould our foreign policy be based on American interests or some conceptionAmerican interests or some conception of human rights?of human rights?
3.
Kinds of Foreign
PolicyKinds of Foreign Policy Majoritarian PoliticsMajoritarian Politics • Decision to go to warDecision to go to war Interest Group PoliticsInterest Group Politics • Decisions regardingDecisions regarding tariffstariffs Client PoliticsClient Politics • Aid to American businessAid to American business abroadabroad Copyright © 2011 CengageCopyright © 2011 Cengage Benjamin Netanyahu became prime minister of Israel in 2009. Source: Ronen Zvulun/Reuters/Landov
4.
The Constitutional and
LegalThe Constitutional and Legal ContextContext Presidential Box ScorePresidential Box Score Evaluating the PowerEvaluating the Power of the Presidentof the President Checks on PresidentialChecks on Presidential PowerPower • LimitationsLimitations • The War Powers ActThe War Powers Act • Intelligence OversightIntelligence Oversight Copyright © 2011 CengageCopyright © 2011 Cengage Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, President Roosevelt ordered all Japanese Americans living on the West Coast be interned in prison camps. p. 531 National Archives
5.
Copyright © 2011
CengageCopyright © 2011 Cengage
6.
The Machinery of
Foreign PolicyThe Machinery of Foreign Policy Expansion after WWIIExpansion after WWII • The president put foreign policy at topThe president put foreign policy at top of the agendaof the agenda • Policy was shaped by scores of agenciesPolicy was shaped by scores of agencies RivalriesRivalries withinwithin the executive branchthe executive branch intensify rivalriesintensify rivalries betweenbetween thatthat branch and Congressbranch and Congress Interests of the various organizationsInterests of the various organizations affect the positions they takeaffect the positions they take Copyright © 2011 CengageCopyright © 2011 Cengage
7.
Foreign Policy and
PublicForeign Policy and Public OpinionOpinion World War IIWorld War II VietnamVietnam September 11, 2001September 11, 2001 Backing the PresidentBacking the President Mass versus EliteMass versus Elite OpinionOpinion Copyright © 2011 CengageCopyright © 2011 Cengage Candlelight vigil supporting American troops serving overseas. p. 534 Justin Sullivan/Getty Images
8.
Copyright © 2011
CengageCopyright © 2011 Cengage p. 535 Source: Updated from Theodore J. Lowi, The End of Liberalism (New York: Norton, 1969), 184. Poll data are from Gallup poll. Time lapse between “before” and “after” samplings of opinion was in no case more than one month.
9.
Copyright © 2011
CengageCopyright © 2011 Cengage Source: Global Views 2004 (Chicago: Chicago Council on Foreign Relations, 2004).
10.
Cleavages AmongCleavages Among Foreign
Policy ElitesForeign Policy Elites How a worldviewHow a worldview shapes foreign policyshapes foreign policy • IsolationismIsolationism • ContainmentContainment • DisengagementDisengagement • Human RightsHuman Rights Political PolarizationPolitical Polarization Copyright © 2011 CengageCopyright © 2011 Cengage A meeting that named an era: in Munich in 1938, British prime minister Neville Chamberlain attempted to appease the territorial ambitions of Hitler. Chamberlain’s failure brought World War II closer. p. 538 Source: Corbis
11.
The Use of
Military ForceThe Use of Military Force Two views of the role of theTwo views of the role of the militarymilitary • MajoritarianMajoritarian • ClientClient Military-industrial complexMilitary-industrial complex War in IraqWar in Iraq Copyright © 2011 CengageCopyright © 2011 Cengage
12.
U.S. Military Intervention
in the Middle EastU.S. Military Intervention in the Middle East Copyright © 2011 CengageCopyright © 2011 Cengage
13.
The Defense BudgetThe
Defense Budget Total SpendingTotal Spending What do we get with our money?What do we get with our money? • PersonnelPersonnel • Big Ticket ItemsBig Ticket Items Cost OverrunsCost Overruns Gold platingGold plating • ReadinessReadiness • BasesBases Copyright © 2011 CengageCopyright © 2011 Cengage
14.
U.S. Military Intervention
in Central AmericaU.S. Military Intervention in Central America and the Caribbean Since 1950and the Caribbean Since 1950 Copyright © 2011 CengageCopyright © 2011 Cengage
15.
Figure 20.1 Trends
in MilitaryFigure 20.1 Trends in Military Spending (constant dollars)Spending (constant dollars) Copyright © 2011 CengageCopyright © 2011 Cengage p. 544 Source: Office of the Under Secretary of Defense (Comptroller), “National Defense Budget Estimates for FY 2007.”
16.
Figure 20.2 Most
Americans Think NationalFigure 20.2 Most Americans Think National Defense Is Either “About Right”Defense Is Either “About Right” or “Not Strong Enough”or “Not Strong Enough” Copyright © 2011 CengageCopyright © 2011 Cengage Source: Gallup Poll
17.
Copyright © 2011
CengageCopyright © 2011 Cengage Source: Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1998, 363.
18.
Copyright © 2011
CengageCopyright © 2011 Cengage The United States has triedThe United States has tried to decide whether to buildto decide whether to build interceptorsinterceptors like this one to shoot downlike this one to shoot down incoming missiles fromincoming missiles from enemies. p. 546 Source:enemies. p. 546 Source: Vanderberg Air Force BaseVanderberg Air Force Base Women in training forWomen in training for the armed forces. p.the armed forces. p. 546 Source: Richard546 Source: Richard Ellis/CorbisEllis/Corbis Gays campaign forGays campaign for greater acceptancegreater acceptance in the armed forces.in the armed forces. p. 546 Source: C.p. 546 Source: C. Nicklas HillNicklas Hill
19.
The Structure of
DefenseThe Structure of Defense Decision MakingDecision Making National Security Act of 1947National Security Act of 1947 Goldwater-Nichols Act of 1986Goldwater-Nichols Act of 1986 Joint Chiefs of StaffJoint Chiefs of Staff The ServicesThe Services The Chain of CommandThe Chain of Command • President – Commander-in-ChiefPresident – Commander-in-Chief • Secretary of DefenseSecretary of Defense Copyright © 2011 CengageCopyright © 2011 Cengage
20.
The New Problem
of TerrorismThe New Problem of Terrorism Bipolar worldBipolar world – A political landscape– A political landscape with two superpowerswith two superpowers Unipolar worldUnipolar world – A political landscape– A political landscape with one superpowerwith one superpower Doctrine of preemptionDoctrine of preemption – attacking a– attacking a determined enemy before they candetermined enemy before they can attack us or an allyattack us or an ally Iraq and AfghanistanIraq and Afghanistan Copyright © 2011 CengageCopyright © 2011 Cengage
21.
M E M
O R A N D U MM E M O R A N D U M To:To: The presidentThe president From:From: National security adviserNational security adviser Subject:Subject: HostagesHostages The six Americans held hostage in the Middle East areThe six Americans held hostage in the Middle East are beginning their second year of captivity. One, a CIA officer,beginning their second year of captivity. One, a CIA officer, is undergoing torture. It has been the policy of thisis undergoing torture. It has been the policy of this administration not to negotiate with terrorists. Criticism ofadministration not to negotiate with terrorists. Criticism of this refusal is being heard from hostage families and theirthis refusal is being heard from hostage families and their sympathizers. The terrorist groups are demanding that wesympathizers. The terrorist groups are demanding that we end our support of Israel. A government in the region hasend our support of Israel. A government in the region has secretly indicated that, in exchange for military supplies, itsecretly indicated that, in exchange for military supplies, it may be able to help win the release of “some” hostages.may be able to help win the release of “some” hostages. Copyright © 2011 CengageCopyright © 2011 Cengage WHAT WOULD YOU DO?WHAT WOULD YOU DO?
22.
Your options:Your options: 1.
Maintain the “no-negotiations” policy but use quiet diplomacy with1. Maintain the “no-negotiations” policy but use quiet diplomacy with friendly nations in the region to see whether they can intercedefriendly nations in the region to see whether they can intercede with the terrorist groups on behalf of the hostages.with the terrorist groups on behalf of the hostages. AdvantagesAdvantages: (a) Our “no-negotiations” policy remains credible, and: (a) Our “no-negotiations” policy remains credible, and this will deter other terrorist groups from thinking that they canthis will deter other terrorist groups from thinking that they can win concessions by capturing Americans. (b) This policy iswin concessions by capturing Americans. (b) This policy is consistent with our insistence that U.S. allies not negotiate withconsistent with our insistence that U.S. allies not negotiate with terrorists.terrorists. DisadvantagesDisadvantages: (a) There is no evidence that our traditional policy: (a) There is no evidence that our traditional policy will get the hostages released. (b) Public sympathy for thewill get the hostages released. (b) Public sympathy for the hostages may increase, and this will lead to more criticism of thishostages may increase, and this will lead to more criticism of this administration for failing to free captive Americans.administration for failing to free captive Americans. Copyright © 2011 CengageCopyright © 2011 Cengage WHAT WOULD YOU DO?WHAT WOULD YOU DO?
23.
Your options:Your options: 2.
Secretly exchange arms for the release of Americans.2. Secretly exchange arms for the release of Americans. AdvantagesAdvantages: (a) Some or all hostages may be released. (b) We: (a) Some or all hostages may be released. (b) We may earn the goodwill of more moderate elements in the area andmay earn the goodwill of more moderate elements in the area and thereby increase our influence there.thereby increase our influence there. DisadvantagesDisadvantages: (a) We may deliver arms and no hostages will be: (a) We may deliver arms and no hostages will be released. (b) If secret arms deliveries become public, we will bereleased. (b) If secret arms deliveries become public, we will be heavily criticized for abandoning our “no-negotiations” policy.heavily criticized for abandoning our “no-negotiations” policy. 3. Use military units to find and free the hostages.3. Use military units to find and free the hostages. AdvantageAdvantage: The hostages may be freed without our having to make: The hostages may be freed without our having to make any concessions.any concessions. DisadvantagesDisadvantages: (a) The military is not optimistic that it can find: (a) The military is not optimistic that it can find and free the hostages, who are being kept in hidden, scatteredand free the hostages, who are being kept in hidden, scattered sites. (b) The hostages may be killed during the rescue effort.sites. (b) The hostages may be killed during the rescue effort. Copyright © 2011 CengageCopyright © 2011 Cengage WHAT WOULD YOU DO?WHAT WOULD YOU DO?
24.
Your decision:Your decision: Option
1 _________________Option 1 _________________ Option 2 _________________Option 2 _________________ Option 3 _________________Option 3 _________________ Copyright © 2011 CengageCopyright © 2011 Cengage WHAT WOULD YOU DO?WHAT WOULD YOU DO?
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