An opportunistic pathogen isolated from the gut of
12 22-2012 depression-2
1. Ten Leading Causes of
Disability in the World
Type of Disability Cost (in Cumulative
DALYs) %
of Cost
Unipolar major depression 42,972 10.3
Tuberculosis 19,673 14.9
Road traffic accidents 19,625 19.6
Alcohol use 14,848 23.2
Self-inflicted injuries 14,645 26.7
Manic-depressive (bipolar) illness 13,189 29.8
War 13,134 32.9
Violence 12,955 36.0
Schizophrenia 12,542 39.0
Iron deficiency anemia 12,511 42.0
2. Episode Disorder
*Major depression episode *Major depression
disorder
*Major depression episode+ *Bipolar disorder, Type I
manic/mixed episode
*Manic/mixed episode *Bipolar disorder, Type I
*Major depressive episode+ *Bipolar disorder, Type II
hypomanic episode
*Chronic subsyndromal *Dysthymic Disorder
depression
*Chronic fluctuations
between subsyndromal *Cyclothymic disorder
depression & hypomania
6. Major Depression
At least 5 of the following symptoms present
for at least 2 weeks (either #1 or #2 must be
present):
1) depressed mood
2) anhedonia – loss of interest or pleasure
3) change in appetite
4) sleep disturbance
7. Major Depression
5) psychomotor retardation or agitation
6) decreased energy
7) feeling of worthlessness or inappropriate
guilt
8) diminished ability to think or concentrate
9) recurrent thoughts of death or suicidal
ideation
8. Major Depression
• Symptoms cause marked distress and/or
impairment in social or occupational
functioning.
• No evidence of medical or substance-
induced etiology for the patient’s
symptoms.
• Symptoms are not due to a normal
reaction to the death of a loved one.
9. Bereavement and
Late Life Depression
• 25 – 35% of widows/widowers meet
diagnostic criteria for major depressive
disorder at 2 months.
• ~15% of widows/widowers meet
diagnostic criteria for major depressive
disorder at one year.
• This figure remains stable throughout the
second year.
10. Subtypes of Depression
• Atypical
Reverse neurovegetative symptoms
Mood reactivity
Hypersensitivity to rejection
MAO-I’s and SSRI’s are more
effective treatments
11. Subtypes of Depression
Psychotic (~10% of all MDD)
• Delusions common, may have
hallucinations
• Delusions usually mood congruent
• Combined antidepressant and
antipsychotic therapy or ECT is
necessary
12. Subtypes of Depression
Melancholic
• No mood reactivity
• Anhedonia
• Prominent neurovegetative
disturbance
• More likely to respond to biological
treatments
13. Subtypes of Depression
Seasonal
• Onset in Fall, remission in Spring
• Hypersomnia is typical
• Less responsive to medications
• A.M. light therapy (>2,500 lux) is
effective
14. Subtypes of Depression
Catatonic
• Motoric immobility (catalepsy)
• Mutism
• Ecolalia or echopraxia
16. Epidemiology
Age of Onset
Throughout the life cycle, typically from
the mid 20’s through the 50’s with a peak
age of onset in the mid 30’s
17. Epidemiology
Genetics
More prevalent in first degree relatives
3-5x the general population risk
Concordance is greater in monozygotic than
dizygotic twins
Increased prevalence of alcohol dependence
in relatives
18. Etiology
Original, clearly over simplistic theories
regarding norepinephrine and
serotonin
Deficiency states depression
States of excess mania
19. Problems with initial theories
Inconsistentfindings when studying
measures of these systems: MHPG (3
methoxy 4 hydroxyphenolglycol) and
5HIAA (5 hydroxy indoleacetic acid) in the
urine and CSF.
Treatments block monoamine uptake
acutely, however the positive effects occur
in 2-4 weeks.
20.
21. Receptor theory more useful
Antidepressant treatment causes a down
regulation in central adrenergic and
serotonergic receptors
– This change corresponds temporally to the
antidepressant response
22. Neuroendocrine
Hyperactivity of HPA axis:
– Elevated cortisol
– Nonsuppression of cortisol following dexamethasone
– Hypersecretion of CRF
Blunting of TSH response to TRH
Blunting of serotonin mediated increase in plasma
prolactin
Blunting of the expected increase in plasma
growth hormone response to alpha-2 agonists
25. Psychosocial
Risk Factors
– Poor social supports
– Early parental loss
– Introversion
– Female gender
– Recent stressor (especially medical
illness)
26. Psychosocial
Cognitive Theory
– Patients have distorted perceptions
and thoughts of themselves, the world
around them and the future
Possible to treat by restructuring
28. Depression – Differential
Diagnosis
Other Mood Disorders
Adjustment Disorder with Depressed Mood
– Maladaptive and excessive response to stress, difficulty
functioning, need support not medicines, resolve as
stress resolves
– Dysthymic Disorder
– Bipolar Disorder
Other Psychotic Disorders – if psychotic subtype
Personality Type – “glass is half empty type”
overall pessimistic, depressed outlook. Chronic
and longstanding with no change in function.
32. Treatment
When to Refer?
Question regarding suicide risk
Presence of psychotic symptoms
Past history of mania
Lack of response to adequate medication
trial
33. Treatment
Course
One episode – 50% chance of reoccurence
Two episodes – 70% chance of reoccurence
Three or more episodes - >90% chance of
reoccurence
34. Dysthymic Disorder
Characteristics
Chronically depressed mood for most of the day, more
days than not, for at least two years. Can be irritable
mood in children and adolescents for 1 year
While depressed, presence of at least two of the
following
– Poor appetite or overeating
– Sleep disturbance
– Low energy or fatigue
– Low self esteem
– Poor concentration
– Feelings of hopelessness
35. Dysthymic Disorder
Never without depressive symptoms for over 2
months
No evidence of an unequivocal Major Depressive
Episode during the first two years of the
disturbance (1 year in children and adolescents)
No manic or hypermanic episodes
Not superimposed on a chronic psychotic disorder
Not due to the direct physiologic affects of a
substance or a general medical condition
36. Epidemiology
More prevalent in women, 4% prevalence
in women, 2% in men
Onset is usually in childhood, adolescence
or early adulthood
Often is a superimposed Major Depression
High prevalence of substance abuse in this
group
41. Bipolar Disorder
Characteristics of a Manic Episode
A distinct period of abnormally and persistently
elevated, expansive or irritable mood
During the period of mood disturbance, at least
three of the following symptoms have persisted
(four if the mood is only irritable) and have been
persistent to a significant degree
– Inflated self esteem or grandiosity
– Decreased need for sleep
– More talkative than usual or pressure to keep talking
– Flight of ideas or subjective experience that thoughts
are racing
42. Characteristics (Cont.)
– Distractability, i.e. attention too easily drawn to
unimportant or irrelevant external stimuli
– Increase in goal-directed activity or
psychomotor agitation
– Excessive involvement in pleasurable activities
which have a high potential for painful
consequences, e.g. unrestrained buying sprees,
sexual indiscretions, or foolish business
investments
43. Characteristics (Cont.)
Mood disturbance sufficiently severe to cause marked
impairment in occupational functioning or in usual
social activities or relations with others, or to
necessitate hospitalization to prevent harm to self or
others
At no time during the disturbance have there been
delusions or hallucinations for as long as two weeks in
the absence of prominent mood symptoms
Not superimposed on schizophrenia,
schizophreniform disorder, or delusional disorder or
psychotic disorder NOS
The disturbance is not due to the physiologic effects
of a substance or general medical disorder
45. Types
TypeI - manic/mixed episode +/- major
depressive episode
TypeII - hypomanic episode + major
depressive episode
46. Epidemiology
Lifetime prevalence
Type I - 0.7 - 0.8%
Type II - 0.4 - 0.5%
– Equal in males and females
– Increased prevalence in upper socioeconomic
classes
Age of Onset
– Usually late adolescence or early adulthood.
However some after age 50. Late onset is more
commonly Type II.
47. Genetics
Greaterrisk in first degree relatives
(4-14 times risk)
Concordance in monozygotic twins >85%
Concordance in dyzygotic twins – 20%
49. Secondary Causes of Mania
(Cont.)
Infectious
Neurosyphilis
HIV
Endocrine
Hypothyroidism
Cushing’s Disease
Cyclothymic Disorder
Other Psychotic Disorders
50. Treatment
Education and Support
Medication
1. Lithium
2. Carbamazepine
3. Valproate
4. Lamotrigine
5. ECT
51. Course
Acute Episode
– Manic - 5 weeks
– Depressed - 9 weeks
– Mixed - 14 weeks
Long Term
– Variable - most cover fully
– Mean number of lifetime episodes 8-9
52. Cyclothymic Disorder
Characteristics
For at least two years (one for children and
adolescents) presence of numerous Hypomanic
Episodes and numerous periods with depressed
mood or loss of interest or pleasure that did not
meet criterion A of a Major Depressive Episode
During a two year period (one year in children and
adolescents) of the disturbance, never without
hypomanic or depressive symptoms for more than
a two month time
53. Characteristics (Cont.)
No clear evidence of a Major Depressive Disorder,
or Manic Episode during the first two years of the
disturbance (or one year for children and
adolescents)
Not superimposed on a chronic psychotic disorder,
such as schizophrenia or Delusional Disorder
Not due to the direct physiologic affects of a
substance or a general medical condition
54. Epidemiology
Lifetimeprevalence 0.4 – 1.0 %
same for males and females
Age of onset
– Usually in adolescence or early adulthood
Genetics
– Major Depression and Bipolar Disorder more
common in first degree relatives
55. Cyclothymic Disorder
Secondary causes of cyclothymic disorder
Bipolar
Disorder
Mood disorders due to a general medical condition
Treatment
Initiationof biologic treatment is dependent on the
degree of impairment
If treatment is indicated, it is similar to that of
Bipolar Disorder
56. Episode Disorder
*Major depression episode *Major depression
disorder
*Major depression episode+ *Bipolar disorder, Type I
manic/mixed episode
*Manic/mixed episode *Bipolar disorder, Type I
*Major depressive episode+ *Bipolar disorder, Type II
hypomanic episode
*Chronic subsyndromal *Dysthymic Disorder
depression
*Chronic fluctuations
between subsyndromal *Cyclothymic disorder
depression & hypomania