1. Immune Response and Currently
Used Immunizing Agents under
UNIVERSAL IMMUNIZATION
PROGRAMME
PRESENTED BY:- DR.NAVIN KUMAR

2. What is immunity?
Immunity involves the antigen-
antibody responses.
From the Latin word “immunis”—
exempt.
Immunity involves the antigen-
antibody responses.
The immune system produces
antibodies or cells that can deactivate
pathogens.

3. The immune system recognizes,
attacks, destroys, and remembers each
pathogen that enters the body.
It does this by making specialized cells
and antibodies that render the
pathogens harmless.
For each type of pathogen, the immune
system produces cells that are specific
for that particular pathogen

4. Functions of the Immune System
Immune System has 3 main
functions:
– Protect the body from pathogens
– Remove dead or damaged tissue and
cells
– Recognize and remove abnormal cells
that have abnormal cell growth and
development (i.e. cancer cells)

5. The Immune System - includes all
parts of the body that help in the
recognition and destruction of
foreign materials.
- White blood cells, phagocytes and
lymphocytes, bone marrow, lymph
nodes, tonsils, thymus, and spleen
are all part of the immune system.

6. Active immunity
Resistance developed in response to
stimulus by an antigen (infecting
agent or vaccine) and is
characterized by the production of
antibodies by the host.

7. Active Immunity occurs when one makes
his/her own antibodies.
- This type of immunity is long term.
Getting the disease : If one get an
infectious disease (like Chicken
Pox), often times, that stimulates the
production of MEMORY cells which
are then stored to prevent the
infection in the future.

8. A. HUMORAL IMMUNITY
:
This type of immunity is due to circulating Abs
(Gamma-globulin's also called immunoglobulins)
On stimulation, B-lymphocytes divide and its
daughter cells are transformed into plasma-
cells.
The latter secrete the Abs into the circulation.
An antibody is a protein produced in
response to an antigen.

9. 5 Types of Antibodies
Immunoglobulin G (IgG)—in plasma
and tissue fluids; effective against
virus, bacteria, & toxins; activate
complement; babies get from mother
through cord lasts 6 months to 1 yr
Immunoglobulin A (IgA)—in exocrine
gland secretions (sweat glands);
breast milk, tears, nasal fluid, bile,
urine, etc.

10. Immunoglobulin M (IgM)—develops in
response to bacteria
Immunoglobulin D (IgD)—found on
surfaces of B-cells; important to B-
cell activation
Immunoglobulin E (IgE)—in exocrine
secretions along with IgA;
ASSOCIATED WITH ALLERGIC
REACTIONS

11. B. CELLULAR IMMUNITY
Another way of establishing host resistance is through
T-lymphocytes.
These cells synthesize and release pharmacologically
active substances ("lymphokines") which can kill
cell carrying foreign Ags.
T-lymphocytes also act against the invader by
stimulation of macrophages.
This activity of the immune system is known as cell
mediated immunity. The peak of activity occurs around
the tenth day.

12. CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY
In cell mediated immunity, the
t-cells attach to foreign
antigen cells and interact
directly by cell to cell contact

13. PASSIVE IMMUNITY
Immunity conferred by an antibody
produced in another host.
It may be acquired naturally or
artificially (through an antibody-
containing preparation).

14. PASSIVE IMMUNITY
While our immune system was developing,
We were protected by immune defenses
called antibodies.
These antibodies traveled across the
placenta from the maternal blood to the fetal
blood.

15. Passive Immunity occurs when the antibodies
come from some other source. This type of
immunity is of short term.
Breastmilk :
Milk from a mother's
breast contains
antibodies.
The baby is acquiring
passive immunity.
These antibodies will
only last several weeks.

16. IMMUNIZING AGENTS
IMMUNIZING AGENTS
ANTISERAIMMUNOGLOBULINSVACCINES

17. IMMUNIZING AGENTS
Vaccine: Vaccine is an immuno-biological substance
designed to produce specific protection against a given
disease.
Toxoid: Exotoxins produced by some bacteria are
detoxified and used in the preparation of vaccine.
Immuno globulin: sterile solution containing antibodies
from human blood.
Antitoxin: solution of antibodies derived from the serum
of non-human sources.

18. Vaccination and Immunization
Vaccination and vaccine derived from
vaccinia, the virus once used as smallpox
vaccine.
Thus, vaccination originally meant
inoculation with vaccinia virus to render a
person immune to smallpox.

19. IMMUNIZATIONS
Immunization: process of inducing or
providing immunity by administering an
agent
Active: production of an antibody in
response to the administration of a vaccine
Passive: temporary immunity by the
administration of preformed antibodies or
antitoxins
Agents used include: Ig’s and antitoxins

20. Vaccination: A vaccination is an injection
of a weakened form of the actual antigen that
causes the disease.
-The injection is too weak to make one
sick, but his B lymphocytes will recognize the
antigen and react as if it were the "real
thing".
- Thus, he produce MEMORY cells for long
term immunity.

21. Live attenuated (avirulent) vaccines
Virulent pathogenic organisms are treated to
become attenuated and avirulent but antigenic.
They have lost their capacity to induce full-blown
disease but retain their immunogenicity.
Live attenuated vaccines should not be
administered to persons with suppressed immune
response due to:
– Leukemia and lymphoma AND other malignancies.
– Receiving corticosteroids and anti-metabolic agents
– Radiation
– pregnancy

24. Inactivated (killed) vaccines
Organisms are killed or inactivated
by heat or chemicals but remain
antigenic.
They are usually safe but less
effective than live attenuated
vaccines.
The only absolute contraindication to
their administration is a severe local
or general reaction to a previous
dose.

25. Polysaccharide and polypeptide (cellular
fraction) vaccines
They are prepared from extracted cellular
fractions for e.g.
Meningococcal vaccine from the
polysaccharide antigen of the cell wall
Pneumococcal vaccine from the
polysaccharide contained in the capsule of
the organism
Hepatitis B polypeptide vaccine.
Their efficacy and safety appear to be high.

26. Surface antigen (recombinant)
vaccines
• Are those in which genes for desired antigens are inserted
into a vector, usually a virus, that has a very low virulence.
• The vector expressing the antigen may be used as the
vaccine, or the antigen may be purified and injected as a
subunit vaccine.
• The only recombinant vaccine currently in use in humans is
the Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) vaccine, which is a recombinant
subunit vaccine
• Hepatitis B surface antigen is produced from a gene
transfected into yeast cells and purified for injection as a
subunit vaccine.

29. IMMUNE RESPONSE
The specific reactivity induced in a host
by an stimulus is known as the immune
response.
It has a wider scope and includes
reactions against any ANTIGEN, living
or non-living.
It may lead to consequences that are
beneficial, indifferent or injurious to the
HOST.

30. PRIMARY RESPONSE: When an Ag is
administered for the first time to a host (never
exposed), there is a latent period of induction of
3-10 days before Ab appears in the blood.
Ab- IgM apears 1st
, its titre rises
steadily in next 2-3 days, reaches a
peak level then declines as fast as it
developed.
Meanwhile, if the ANTIGENIC
stimulus was sufficient, IgG Ab
appears in few days.
Reaches a peak in 7-10 days then
gradually falls over a period of weeks
or month.

31. SECONDARY(BOOSTER) RESPONSE
Shorter latent period
Production of Ab is more rapid
Produces both IgG and IgM
Ab more abundant
Ab response maintained at higher levels for a
longer period
Ab elicited tends to have a greater capacity to
bind to the antigen
Collaboration of B-cell and T-cell is essential to
initiate a secondary response.

34. WHO launched a global immunization
programme “EXPANDED
PROGRAMME OF IMMUNIZATION” in
May,1974 to protect all children
against six vaccine-preventable
diseases:
DIPHTHERIA, WOOPING COUGH,
TETANUS, POLIO, TUBERCULOSIS
and MEASLES.
EPI launched in INDIA in January,
1978.

35. Currently Used Immunizing agents In
National Immunization Schedules as
UNIVERSAL IMMUNIZATION
PROGRAMME in india.
Launched on 19th
november.1985
Aimed to achieve Universal
immunization coverage of the eligible
population by 1990.

36. NATIONAL IMMUNIZATION SCHEDULE

38. FACTSHEET OF OPV IN INDIA
Cases in 2011: 1 (last case 13 January 2011)
Cases in 2010: 43
Cases in 2009: 756
Cases in 1991: 5,895
Cases in 1985: 22,570
Last wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV1) case: 13 January
2011, Howrah, West Bengal
Last wild poliovirus type 2(WPV2) case: October1999,
Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh
Last wild poliovirus type 3 (WPV3) case: 22 October
2010, Pakur, Jharkhand

39. HIB VACCINE
Bacterial Meningitis kills several in Developing
world
Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib):
30% -50% of bacterial meningitis
Pneumococcus
25- 35% of bacterial meningitis
Meningococcus
25 - 35% of bacterial meningitis
(except during epidemics)

40. HIB VACCINE
Reduces incidence of Hib MENINGITIS,
PNEUMONIA and Nasopharyngeal colonization
by Hib bacteria in infants.
Capsular polysaccharide conjugated with
protein carrier .
Contraindicated in less than 6 weeks of age.
Vaccine schedule: 6th
,10th
and 14th
wk.
Children over 5 years old usually do not need
Hib vaccine.

41. HIB VACCINE
INDIA: Tamil Nadu will be the 1st
state
to vaccinate all Newborns in the
state.
PENTAVALENT vaccine: combines
with DPT, Hepatitis B and Hib
bacteria vaccine.

42. Hepatitis B vaccine
Is a very safe vaccine
Very effective
Infants born to HBsAg-positive
mothers should receive the vaccine
and HBIG within 12hr of birth.

43. DTP VACCINE
Inactivated whole organism vaccine
DTP or Acellular vaccine DTaP
Acellular type has less side effects
Side effects :
Mild Problems (Common):
Fever, Redness, swelling, Soreness
(1 in 4)
Fussiness ,Tiredness or poor appetite
and Vomiting (1 in 50)

44. BCG VACCINE
There is evidence that BCG provides
appreciable protection against
tuberculosis meningitis (50-80%) and
milliary disease.
Intra-dermal injection.
Local lesion, papule, 2 weeks after
vaccination.
Small abscess might develop, 4-6
weeks.
At 6 weeks (crust, detaches, ulcerates)
then a scar (typically round and
slightly depressed) remains.

45. MMR VACCINE
• Live attenuated vaccine
• Subcutaneous injection
• Side effects :
Mild Problems :
1. Mild rash (1 in 20)
2. Swelling of glands in the cheeks
or neck (rare) If these problems occur,
it is usually within 7-12 days after the
shot.
They occur less often after the
second dose

46. REFERENCES:
PARK’S TEXTBOOK OF PREVENTIVE AND SOCIAL
MEDICINE.
TEXTBOOK OF MICROBIOLOGY by Ananthanarayan and
Panikar.
MOHFW (GOVT.OF INDIA).
WHO vaccine-preventable diseases: monitoring system
2012 global summary.
WHO | Poliomyelitis

47. IMMUNIZATION

48. THANK YOU
DR.NAVIN KUMARDR.NAVIN KUMAR