Presentation by Peter Christensen at Drive Oregon Monthly event, on November 7, 2013.

1. PNNL-SA-99291
Electric Vehicle Adaption:
EV Projects at PNNL
PETER CHRISTENSEN
Manager, Technology Commercialization
November 11, 2013

2. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
FY12 Facts
!
!
!
!
!
$1B in R&D expenditures
More than 4,400 staff
2000+ users & visiting
scientists
1,041 peer-reviewed
publications
!
!
!
Offices located across the state
Collaborators across government,
industry, academia working to solve
client challenges
U.S. Department of Energy’s topperforming laboratory for 5 years
44 patents & 176 inventions
2

3. Expanding campus, growing capabilities

4. EIOC @ PNNL
Electric Infrastructure Operations Center

5. Today’s Grid can supply 70% of our
daily driving energy
105%
57%
78%
104%
46%
18%
10%
MAPP 127%
NWP
23%
15%
CNV
61%
66%
39%
AZN
& RMP
73%
SPP
45%
NPCC(US)
MAIN
ECAR
100%
73%
80%
52%
31%
SERC
86%
49%
57%
34%
ERCOT
% figures denote the percentage of LDV fleet supported by idle electric capacity
Nighttime
Charging
Only
(hrs 18 – 6)
Daytime +
Nighttime
Charging
(0 – 24 hrs)
Summary
u Midwest:
support almost
the entire LDV
fleet
u East: somewhat
smaller potential
u West: supports
fewer vehicles

6. Increased Sales of Electricity from PHEVs
Produce Downward Pressure on Electricity Rates*
kWh Produced
* analyzes of Cincinnati Gas & Electric
and San Diego Gas & Electric
Increased
sales
Same
infrastructure,
same capital
investment
=
MW Capacity,
Capital Investment
Utility Cost of Service, By Element of Cost
$60.00
$54.2
6
$50.00
Fixed Distribution,
$14.25
$50.2
7
Fixed Distribution,
$12.54
$40.00
Before After
$/kWh
Dollars per MWh
+
Cincinnati Gas & Electric Costs/MWh
with PHEV Valley Filling
Before After
$30.00
Variable Power Supply,
$15.84
Variable Power Supply,
$15.80
Fixed Transmission
Variable Power
Supply
$20.00
Fixed Power Supply,
$23.66
$10.00
Fixed Power Supply,
$21.43
BEFORE
AFTER
Cincinnati Gas and Electric
Before After
Fixed Distribution
Variable
Transmission
$0.00
Lower
electricity
rates
Variable Distribution
Cincinnati Gas and Electric
Fixed Power Supply

7. Perfect Valley Filling
ECAR Summer Load Profile
Charge each PHEV: 1.4 kW charge (120V, 12A) for 7 hours=10 kWh
90,000
80,000
70,000
50,000
40,000
Numbers of Charging Cars
Millions of cars
MW
60,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
0 0
16 16 1820 202222 2424 2 2 4 4
18
66
88
10 12
10 12
14
Hour
Hour
0
16
18
20
22
24
2
4
Hour
6
8
10
12
14

8. PNNL Grid-Friendly Charger Controller
!
With communications as part of the AGC control
! Provision of regulation services to minimize ACE
! Requires high update rates via SCADA network
!
Without communications
! Based on frequency deviations from nominal AC frequency
! Provision of frequency bias portion of ACE
! Extremely low-cost

9. Secondary Transformer Loading
(Selected Utilities in PNW)
Transformer Loaded Capacity for Various PHEV Penetrations
EPRI Charging Profile
PHEV Charge Profile (Quick Charging)
10
Base Load
50% Penetration
100% Penetration
200% Penetration
40%
8
kW
50%
6
4
2
30%
0
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
Hour
20%
Transformer Loaded Capacity for Various PHEV Penetrations
240V Quick Charge Charging Profile
10%
0%
PHEV Charge Profile (EPRI)
1.2
1
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
10%
>2
00
%
20
0%
23
0%
Percent Loaded Capacity
>2
00
%
21
20
0%
19
18
0%
17
16
0%
Hour
15
14
0%
13
12
0%
11
10
0%
9
80
%
7
20%
60
%
5
30%
40
%
3
40%
20
%
1
Base Load
50% Penetration
100% Penetration
200% Penetration
50%
0%
kW
0.8
Percentage of Transformers
Percent Loaded Capacity
18
0%
16
0%
14
0%
12
0%
10
0%
80
%
60
%
20
%
40
%
60%
0%
Percentage of Transformers
60%

10. Emissions intensity (ton CO2/MWh) impacts.
Only from electricity generation
9.0%
8.0%
NWP
7.0%
CNV
AZN&RMP
! Regions with clean generation
(CNV, NWP) will likely
increase emissions intensity
because vehicle load is met
with fossil generation
! Midwestern regions (ECAR,
MAIN, MAPP, etc.) show a
slight reduction because of
the additional natural gas
generation
Change
in
CO2
intensity
NPCC(US)
6.0%
5.0%
4.0%
A4
3.0%
A5
2.0%
A6
A5
(US)
1.0%
Change
in
CO2
intensity
0.0%
1.0%
-­‐1.0%
A6
2.0%
-­‐2.0%
A4: home, A5: home and work (day), A6: home after 22:00 (night)
Emissions results present mixed message:
10
• for some not much difference between day- and night-charging
• for others lower emissions at night because of higher efficiency of
combined cycle versus combustion turbine plants

11. Ben Franklin Transit all-electric bus
November 11, 2013
11

12. Ben Franklin Transit all-electric bus
Diesel
Bus
Cost:
425K
100-­‐150
mi/day
$37,700/yr
fuel
1.03¢/mi
all
in
November 11, 2013
VS
Electric
Bus
Cost:
525K
120
mi/day
$2,400/yr
fuel
0.007¢/mi
all
in
12

13. discharging
V2G
• provides regulation
service as a load and
generator
• requires charging and
discharging according
to grid operators
signal
charging
V2G½: Load can provide regulation
services
Max. charging (7.2 kW = 240V*30A)
Capacity value
(-7.2 to 7.2=14.4kW)
Max. discharging (-7.2 kW)
• provides regulation
service as a load only
• requires only charging
• modulates charging
discharging
V2G½
charging
Max. charging (7.2 kW)
Capacity value
(0 to 7.2=7.2 kW)
Never discharge !
Max. discharging (-7.2 kW)
Attribute of “V2G½”:
• provides regulation service with ½ the capacity value of V2G
• however, less than half the cost because
• no interconnection gear with grid necessary because no electricity goes back into grid
• removes any uncertainties regarding battery life reduction
because of extra cycling
13

14. Frequency regulation with
smart loads (EVs and water heaters)
November 11, 2013
14

15. Doing Business with PNNL
Direct
Licensing of
Existing IP
• Patents and
technologies
available for
licensing
November 11, 2013
CRADA
WFO
ACT
• Cost share
with DOE
• Fund
research
• Fund
research
• Option to
exclusive
rights to
foreground
IP
• Keep the IP
• Negotiate IP
• With strings
• Fewer
strings
15

16. Availabletechnologies.pnnl.gov

17. Questions?