More Related Content Similar to Biology capitulo8- Una introducción al metabolismo (20) Biology capitulo8- Una introducción al metabolismo1. '()*+,$# -
Una introducción a
metabolismo
PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations for
!"#$#%&
Eighth Edition
Neil Campbell and Jane Reece
Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
2. Debes poder:
!" #$%&$'()$*+,'&*,+-.%+%$()$,'&,%/+01&123-$0.+4++
1'123-$0.5+,',*(61+0$'7&$01+4+8.&,'0$1-5+
%$%&,91%+12$,*&.%+4+0,**1:.%5+*,100$.',%+
,;,*(.'$01% 4++,':,*(.'$01%
<" =;8-$01*+,'+&7*9$'.%+(,',*1-,%+039.+-1%+
07-)-1%+.2&$,','+-1+,',*(61+81*1+*,1-$>1*+
&*121?.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
3. @" =;8-$01*+039.+,-+ABC+--,D1+1+012.+&*121?.++
E" =;8-$01*+8.*+F)7 %,+',0,%$&1+-1+,',*(61+:,+
10&$D10$3'+81*1+:1*+$'$0$.+1+)'1+*,100$3'+
,%8.'&G',1+
H" #,%0*$2$*+,-+9,01'$%9.+8.*+,-+0)1-+-1%+
,'>$91%+21?1'+-1+,',*(61+:,+10&$D10$3'
I" #,%0*$2$*+039.+-.%+*,()-1:.*,%+1-.%&,*$0.%
8),:,'+$'J$2$*+.+,%&$9)-1*+-1+10&$D$:1:+:,+)'1+
,'>$91
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
4. Panorama: La energía en los sitemas vivos
K L'1+07-)-1+D$D1+,%+)'1+0.9.+)'1+MG2*$01+
F)69$01+,'+9$'$1&)*1+:.':,+.0)**,'+9$-,%+:,++
*,100$.',%
K N1%+07-)-1%+,;&*1,'+4+)%1'+,',*(61+81*1+
*,1-$>1*+&*121?.+
K A-()'.%+.*(1'$%9.%+J1%&1+0.'D$,*&,'+,',*(61+
1+-)>O+8.*+,?,98-.+,'+-1+2$.-)9$'$%0,'0$1
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
6. Concepto 8.1: El metabolismo de un organismo,
sujeto a las leyes de termodinámica, transforma la
materia y energía
K ./+(0#$"12#3,%+-1+%)91+:,+&.:1%+-1%+
*,100$.',%+F)69$01%+:,+)'+.*(1'$%9.
K S,&12.-$%9. ,%+)'1+:,+-1%+8*.8$,:1:,%+F),+
%)*(,T,9,*(,+:,+-1+D$:1+4+*,%)-&1+:,+-1%+
$'&,*100$.',%+,'&*,+-1%+9.-70)-1%+,'+)'1+07-)-1
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
7. La organización química de la vida es el resultado
rutas metabólicas
K L'1+*)&1+2/+(04$"5(30.9$,'>1+0.'+)'1+
9.-70)-1%+4+&,*9$'1+0.'+)'+8*.:)0&.+
K U1:1+81%.+,%+01&1-$>1:.+8.*+)'1+,'>$91+,'+
,%8,06M$01
SSUSTRATO + ENZIMA = PRODUCTO + ENCIMA
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
8. P$("+QRLV!
678&2/39 678&2/3: 678&2/3;
= ! ' <
>/(5+"#739 >/(5+"#73: >/(5+"#73;
?+(@+"7% A@#B,5+
2#$/5,$/
9. K >,+(135(+(04$"5(13-$2,*1'+,',*(61+1-+*.98,*+
9.-70)-1%+0.98-,?1%+1+%$98-,%
K N1+*,%8$*10$3'+0,-)-1*O+-1+:,%0.98.%$0$3'+:,+
(-)0.%1+,'+8*,%,'0$1+:,+.;$(,'.O+,%+)'+
,?,98-.+:,+)'1+*)&1+01&123-$01
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
10. K >,+(13(7(04$"5(130.'%)9,'+,',*(61+81*1+
0.'%&*)$*+9.-70)-1%+0.98-,?1%+1+81*&$*+:,+
9.-70)-1%+9G%+%$98-,%
K N1+%6'&,%$%+:,+8*.&,6'1%+1+81*&$*+:,+19$'.+
G0$:.%+,%+)'+,?,98-.+:,+1'12.-$%9.
K !"#/7/@%C+"5(3,%+,-+,%&):$.+:,+0.9.+-.%+
.*(1'$%9.%+91',?1'+%)%+*,0)*%.%+,',*(7&$0.%
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
11. Formas de Energía
K 67/@%*(3,%+-1+01810$:1:+81*1+01)%1*+0192$.
K N1+,',*(61 ,;$%&,+,'+D1*$1%+M.*91%O+1-()'1%+
8),:,'+--,D1*+1+012.+&*121?.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
12. K 67/@%*(35"7C+"5(3,%+-1+,',*(61+1%.0$1:1+1-+
9.D$9$,'&.
K '($#@3D/7/@%*(3+C@2"5(E ,%+,',*(61+0$'7&$01+
1%.0$1:1+0.'+,-+9.D$9$,'&.+1-+>1*+:,+-.%+G&.9.%+.++
9.-70)-1%
K 67/@%*(3)#+/75"($3,%+-1+,',*(61+F),+8.%,,+-1++
91&,*$1+8.*+%)+-.01-$>10$3'+4+,%&*)0&)*1
K 67/@%*(3F,*2"5(3,%+-1+,',*(61+8.&,'0$1-+
:$%8.'$2-,+81*1+%,*+-$2,*1:1+,'+)'1+*,100$3'+
F)69$01
K =',*(61+8),:,+0192$1*+:,+)'1+M.*91+1+.&*1+
=7"2(+"#7G367/@%&3'#75/)+1
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
13. P$("+QR<
=3B"H/@3I(132#@/3)#+/7+"($ <"H"7%35#7H/@+1
/7/@%&3#73+I/3)$(+K#@2 )#+/7+"($3/7/@%&3+#
+I(73"73+I/3M(+/@L J"7/+"53/7/@%&L
'$"20"7%3,)35#7H/@+13+I/3J"7/+"5 =3B"H/@3I(13$/113)#+/7+"($
/7/@%&3#K32,15$/32#H/2/7+ /7/@%&3"73+I/3M(+/@
+#3)#+/7+"($3/7/@%&L +I(73#73+I/3)$(+K#@2L
14. Leyes de la transformación de energía
K N/@2#B"7O2"5(3,%+,-+,%&):$.+:,+-1%+
&*1'%M.*910$.',%+:,+-1+,',*(61
K L'+%$%&,91+0,**1:.O+0.9.+,-+-6F)$:.+,'+-.%+
&,*9.%O+,%&1+1$%-1:.+:,+%)+1-*,:,:.*+
K ='+)'+%$%&,91+12$,*&.O+,',*(61+4+91&,*$1+
8),:,'+&*1'%M,*$*%,+,'&*,+,-+%$%&,91+4+,-+
192$,'&,+1+%)+1-*,:,:.*+
K W*(1'$%9.%+%.'+%$%&,91%+12$,*&.%
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
15. Primera ley de termodinámica
K #,+10),*:.+1+-1+)@"2/@(3$/&3B/3
+/@2#B"7O2"5(O+-1+,',*(61+:,-+)'$D,*%.+,%+
0.'%&1'&,/+
– La energía se puede transferir y transformar,
pero no se puede crear o destruir
K N1+8*$9,*1+-,4+&192$7'+%,+-,+--191+,-+8*$'0$8$.+
:,+0.'%,*D10$3'+:,+,',*(61
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
16. Segunda Ley de Termodinámica
K #)*1'&,+01:1+&*1'%M,*,'0$1+.+&*1'%M.*910$3'O+
)'1+01'&$:1:+%,*G $')%12-,O+4+)%)1-9,'&,+%,+
8$,*:,+0.9.+01-.*
K #,+10),*:.+1+-1+1/%,7B(3$/&3B/3
+/@2#B"7O2"5(/
– Cada transferencia o transformación de
energía aumenta la entropía (desorden) del
universo
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
17. P$("+QRX
Q/(+ 'R:
S
'I/2"5($ Q:R
/7/@%&
D(E3P"@1+3$(M3#K3+I/@2#B&7(2"51 D0E3?/5#7B3$(M3#K3+I/@2#B&7(2"51
18. K N1%+07-)-1%+D$D1%+$',D$&12-,9,'&,+0.'D$,*&,'+
M.*91%+.*(1'$>1:1%+:,+-1+,',*(61+1+01-.*
K C*.0,%.%+,%8.'&G',.%+.0)**,'+%$'+)'+$'(*,%.+
:,+,',*(615+8),:,'+.0)**$*+*G8$:.%+.+-,'&.%
K C1*1+F),+)'+8*.0,%.+.0)**1+%$'+)'+$'(*,%.+:,+
,',*(61O+:,2,+1)9,'&1*+-1+,'&*.861+:,-+
)'$D,*%.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
19. Orden y Desorden biológico
K N1%+07-)-1%+0*,1'+,%&*)0&)*1%+.*:,'1:1%+:,+
91&,*$1-,%+9,'.%+.*:,'1:.%
K N.%+.*(1'$%9.%+&192$7'+*,98-1>1'+M.*91%+
.*:,'1:1%+:,+-1+91&,*$1+4+,',*(61+0.'+M.*91%+
9,'.%+.*:,'1:1%
K N1+,',*(61+M-)4,+,'+)'+,0.%$%&,91+,'+M.*91+:,++
-)>+4+%1-,+,'+M.*91+:,+01-.*
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
21. K N1+,D.-)0$3'+:,+.*(1'$%9.%+9G%+0.98-,?.%+'.+
D$.-1+-1+%,()':1+-,4+:,+&,*9.:$'G9$01
K ='&*.861+Y:,%.*:,'Z+8),:,+:$%9$')$*+,'+)'+
.*(1'$%9.O+8,*.+-1+,'&*.861+&.&1-+:,-+)'$D,*%.+
1)9,'&1
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
22. Concepto 8.2: El cambio en energía libre de una
reacción nos dice si la reacción ocurre o no
espontáneamente
K N.%+2$3-.(.%+F)$,*,'+%12,*+0)1-+*,100$3'+
.0)**,+,%8.'&G',19,'&,+4+0)1-+*,F)$,*,+)'+
$'(*,%.+:,+,',*(61
K C1*1+%12,*+,%&.+%,+',0,%$&1+:,&,*9$'1*+,-+
0192$.+:,+,',*(61+F),+.0)**,+,'+-1+*,100$3'+
F)69$01
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
23. Cambio en energía-libre, G
K N1+/7/@%*(W$"0@/3 ,'+)'+%$%&,91+D$D.+,%+-1+
,',*(61+F),+8),:,+*,1-$>1*+&*121?.+0)1':.+-1+
&,98,*1&)*1+4+-1+8*,%$3'+%.'+)'$M.*9,%O+
0.':$0$3'+F),+,;$%&,+,'+)'1+07-)-1+D$D1+
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
24. K #)*1'&,+)'+8*.0,%.O+,-+0192$.+,'+,',*(61+-$2*,+
Y GZ ,%&1+*,-10$.'1:.+0.'+,-+0192$.+,'+
,'&1-861+Y.+,-+0192$.+,'+-1+,',*(61+&.&1-+Y HZZO+
0192$.+,'+,'&*.861+Y SZO+4+&,98,*1&)*1+,'+
[,-D$'+(T)/
G + H – T S
• ].-19,'&,+-.%+8*.0,%.%+0.'+)'+ G ',(1&$D.+
%.'+,%8.'&G',.%
• N.%+8*.0,%.%+,%8.'&G',.%+8),:,'+)%1*+81*1+
*,1-$>1*+&*121?.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
25. Energía libre, estabilidad, y equilibrio
K N1+,',*(61+-$2*,+,%+)'1+9,:$:1+:,+-1+
$'%&12$-$:1:+:,+)'+%$%&,91O+%)+&,':,'0$1+1+
0192$1*+1+)'+%$%&,91+9G%+,%&12-,
K #)*1'&,+)'+0192$.+,%8.'&G',.O+-1+,',*(61+
-$2*,+:$%9$')4,+4+-1+,%&12$-$:1:+:,-+%$%&,91+
1)9,'&1
K =F)$-$2*$.+,%+,-+,%&1:.+:,+914.*+,%&12$-$:1:+
K L'+8*.0,%.+,%+,%8.'&G',.+4+8),:,+*,1-$>1*+
&*121?.+%.-19,'&,+0)1':.+D1+J10$1+,-+,F)$-$2*$.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
26. P$("+QRE
• .#@/3K@//3/7/@%&3DI"%I/@3GE
• Y/1131+(0$/
• X@/(+/@3M#@J35()(5"+&
Z73(31)#7+(7/#,135I(7%/
• NI/3K@//3/7/@%&3#K3+I/31&1+/2
B/5@/(1/13D G [3UE
• NI/31&1+/230/5#2/132#@/
1+(0$/
• NI/3@/$/(1/B3K@//3/7/@%&35(7
0/3I(@7/11/B3+#3B#3M#@J
• Y/113K@//3/7/@%&3D$#M/@3GE
• .#@/31+(0$/
• Y/113M#@J35()(5"+&
D(E3X@(H"+(+"#7($32#+"#7 D0E3<"KK,1"#7 D5E3'I/2"5($3@/(5+"#7
27. Energía libre y Metabolismo
K =-+0.'0,8&.+:,+,',*(61+-$2*,+8),:,+%,*+
18-$01:1+1+-1+F)69$01+:,+-.%+8*.0,%.%+:,+-.%+
.*(1'$%9.%+
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
28. Reacciones exergónicas y endergónicas en el
metabolismo
K )'1+@/(55"47 //@%47"5( &$,',+)'1+-$2,*10$3'+
',&1+:,+,',*(61+-$2*,+4+,%+,%8.'&G',1
K )'1+@/(55"47 /7B/@%47"5( 12%.*2,+,',*(61+
-$2*,+:,-+9,:$.+F),+-1+*.:,1+4+'.+,%+
,%8.'&G',1
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
29. P$("+QRH
>/(5+(7+1
=2#,7+3#K
/7/@%&
@/$/(1/B
P@//3/7/@%&
D G [3UE
67/@%&
A@#B,5+1
A@#%@/113#K3+I/3@/(5+"#7
D(E36/@%#7"5 @/(5+"#7G3/7/@%&3@/$/(1/B
A@#B,5+1
=2#,7+3#K
/7/@%&
@/F,"@/B
P@//3/7/@%&
D G ]3UE
67/@%&
>/(5+(7+1
A@#%@/113#K3+I/3@/(5+"#7
D0E367B/@%#7"5 @/(5+"#7G3/7/@%&3@/F,"@/B
30. Equilibrio y Metabolismo
K ^,100$.',%+,'+)'+%$%&,91+0,**1:.+,D,'&)1-9,'&,+
--,(1'+1+)'+,F)$-$2*$.+4+'.+*,1-$>1'+&*121?.+
K N1%+07-)-1%+'.+,%&G'+,'+,F)$-$2*$.5+%.'+%$%&,91%+
12$,*&.%+F),+,;8,*$9,'&1'+)'+M-)?.+0.'%&1'&,+:,++
91&,*$1-,%
K L'1+01*10&,*6%&$01+:,+-1+D$:1+,%+F),+,-+
9,&12.-$%9.+')'01+,%&G ,'+,F)$-$2*$.
K L'1+*)&1+01&123-$01+,'+)'1+07-)-1+-$2,*1+,',*(61+
-$2*,+,'+)'1+%,*$,+:,+*,100$.',%
K ]$%&,91%+J$:*.,-70&*$0.%+0,**1:.%+4+12$,*&.%+
8),:,'+%,*D$*+0.9.+1'1-.(61%
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
31. P$("+QRI
G [3U G ^3U
CERRADO
D(E3=73"1#$(+/B3I&B@#/$/5+@"531&1+/2
D0E3=73#)/73I&B@#/$/5+@"5
1&1+/2 G [3U
G [3U
G [3U
G [3U
ABIERTO
D5E3=32,$+"1+/) #)/73I&B@#/$/5+@"531&1+/2
32. Concepto 8.3: ATP promueve el trabajo celular a
través del acoplamiento de reacciones exergónicas
y endergónicas
K L'1+07-)-1+J10,+&*,%+&$8.%+:,+&*121?./
– _)69$0.
– B*1'%8.*&,
– S,0G'$0.
K C1*1+*,1-$>1*+&*121?.O+-1%+07-)-1%+91',?1'+-.%+
*,0)*%.%+:,+,',*(61+1+&*1D7%+:,-+(5#)$(2"/7+#3
B/3/7/@%*(O+)%1':.+)'+8*.0,%.+,;,*(3'$0. 81*1+
8*.9.D,*+)'.+,':,*(3'$0.
K N1+,',*(61+10.8-1:1+,'+-1%+07-)-1%+,%+9,:$1:1+
8.*+ABC
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
33. La estructura e hidrolisis de ATP
K =NA3D(B/7#1"7( +@"K#1K(+(B(E ,% -.+F),
8*.8)-%1 -1+,',*(61 ,'+-1+07-)-1
K ABC+,%&1 0.98),%&1 :,+*$2.%1 Y)'1 1>`01*ZO+
1:,'$'1 Y)'1 21%,+'$&*.(,'1:1ZO+4+&*,% (*)8.%
M.%M1&.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
34. P$("+QRQ
=B/7"7/
AI#1)I(+/3%@#,)1
>"0#1/
35. K N.%+,'-10,%+,'&*,+-.%+(*)8.%+M.%M1&.+:,-+ABC+
%,+8),:,'+*.98,*+8.*+J$:*3-$%$%
K =',*(61+,%+-$2,*1:1+1-+*.98,*%,+-.%+,'-10,%+:,+
M.%M1&.+
K N1+,',*(61+-$2,*1:1+D$,',+:,-+0192$.+F)69$0.+1+
)'+,%&1:.+9,'.*+:,+,',*(61+-$2*,
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
36. P$("+QRa
A A A
=B/7#1"7/3+@")I#1)I(+/ D=NAE
Q:R
A" S A A S 67/@%&
Z7#@%(7"53)I#1)I(+/ =B/7#1"7/3B")I#1)I(+/ D=<AE
37. Cómo el ATP realiza trabajo
K N.%+&*,%+&$8.%+:,+&*121?.+0,-)-1*+Y9,0G'$0.O+
&*1'%8.*&,O+4+F)69$0.Z+%.'+$98)-%1:.%+8.*+-1+
J$:*3-$%$%+:,-+ABC
K ='+-1+07-)-1O+-1+,',*(61+:,+)'1+*,100$3'+
,;,*(3'$01O+-1+J$:*3-$%$%+:,-+ABCO+8),:,+)%1*%,+
81*1+8*.8)-%1*+*,100$.',%+,':,*(3'$01%
K ='+%)+&.&1-$:1 -1%+*,100$.',%+10.8-1:1%+%.'+
,;,*(3'$01%
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
38. P$("+QR!b
`Q:
`Q;
S G ^3S;La3J5($b2#$
X$, X$,
X$,+(2"5 =22#7"( X$,+(2"7/
(5"B
D(E367B/@%#7"5 @/(5+"#7
9 =NA3)I#1)I#@&$(+/1 A
%$,+(2"5 (5"B_ S =NA S =<A
X$, X$,
2(J"7%3+I/3(2"7#
(5"B3$/1131+(0$/L
`Q:
A
: =22#7"(3B"1)$(5/1 `Q;
+I/3)I#1)I(+/3%@#,)_ S S A"
X$, X$,
K#@2"7%3%$,+(2"7/L
D0E3'#,)$/B3M"+I3=NA3I&B@#$&1"1_3(73//@%#7"5 @/(5+"#7
D5E3RH/@($$3K@//W/7/@%&35I(7%/
39. K =-+ABC+()61+-1%+*,100$.',%+,':,*(3'$01% 1+
&*1D7%+:,+M.%M.*$-10$3'O+,%&.+,%O+&*1'%M$*$,':.+)'+
(*)8.+M.%M1&.+1+.&*1+9.-70)-1O+8.*+,?,98-.+)'+
*,10&$D.+
K N1+9.-70)-1+F),+*,0$2,+,-+M.%M1&.+,%&G 1J.*1+
M#1K#@"$(B(
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
40. P$("+QR!!
./20@(7/3)@#+/"7
A A"
?#$,+/ ?#$,+/3+@(71)#@+/B
D(E3N@(71)#@+3M#@JG3=NA3)I#1)I#@&$(+/1
+@(71)#@+3)@#+/"71 =<A
=NA S
A"
c/1"5$/ '&+#1J/$/+($ +@(5J
=NA
.#+#@3)@#+/"7 A@#+/"732#H/B
D0E3./5I(7"5($3M#@JG3=NA30"7B137#75#H($/7+$&
+#32#+#@3)@#+/"71_3+I/73"13I&B@#$&8/B
41. Regeneración del ATP
K =-+ABC+,%+)'+*,0)*%.+*,'.D12-,+F),+%,+
*,(,',*1+1-+1c1:$*+)'+(*)8.+M.%M1&.1 1+-1++
1:,'.%$'1+:$RM.%M1&1:1+YA#CZ
K N1+,',*(61+81*1+M.%M.*$-1* ,-+A#C+D$,',+:,+-1%+
*,100$.',%+01&123-$01%+,'+-1+07-)-1
K N1+,',*(61+F)69$01+8.&,'0$1+()1*:1:1+
&,98.*,*19,'&, ,'+,-+ABC+$98)-%1+-1+914.*61+
:,-+&*121?.+0,-)-1*
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
42. P$("+QR!<
=NA S Q:R
67/@%&3K@#2 67/@%&3K#@35/$$,$(@
5(+(0#$"123D//@%#7"5_ M#@J3D/7B/@%#7"5_
/7/@%&W@/$/(1"7% =<A S A " /7/@%&W5#71,2"7%
)@#5/11/1E )@#5/11/1E
43. Concepto 8.4: Las enzimas aceleran las reacciones
metabólicas al bajar barreras energéticas
K L'+5(+($*+"5#3,%+)'+1(,'&,+F)69$0.+F),+
10,-,*1+-1+*,100$3'+8,*.+%$'+%,*+0.'%)9$:.+8.*+
-1+*,100$3'
K L'1+/78"2(3,%+)'1+8*.&,6'1+01&1-6&$01
K L'+,?,98-.+,%+-1+J$:*3-$%$%+:,+-1+%101*.%1+
--,D1:1+1+012.+8.*+-1+,'>$91+%101*1%1
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
44. P$("+QR!X
?,5@#1/3D'9:Q::R99E
?,5@(1/
X$,5#1/3D'dQ9:RdE P@,5+#1/3D'dQ9:RdE
45. Activación
K U1:1+*,100$3'+F)69$01+,'&*,+9.-70)-1%+
,'D),-D,+F),+%,*+*.981+.+M.*9,+)'+,'-10,+
K N1+,',*(61+$'$0$1-+',0,%1*$1+81*1+:1*+$'$0$.+1+
)'1+*,100$3'+%,+--191+-1+/7/@%*(3$"0@/3B/33
(5+"H(5"47O+.+/7/@%*(3B/3(5+"H(5"473D6=E
K S14.*9,'&,+8*.D$%&1+,'+M.*91+:,+01-.*+8.*+,-+
9,:$.+F),+*.:,1
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
46. P$("+QR!@
= !
' <
N@(71"+"#731+(+/
= ! 6=
P@//3/7/@%&
' <
>/(5+(7+1
= !
G [3R
' <
A@#B,5+1
A@#%@/113#K3+I/3@/(5+"#7
47. Cómo las enzimas bajan la barrera de EA
K ='>$91%+01&1-$>1'+-1%+*,100$.',%+1-+21?1*+-1+
21**,*1+:,+-1+=A
K ='>$91%+'.+1M,0&1'+,-+0192$.+,'+,',*(61+-$2*,+
Y GZ5+8.*+,-+0.'&*1*$.O+10,-,*1'+)'1+*,100$3'+
F),+.0)**$*$1 ,D,'&)1-9,'&,
=7"2(+"#7G3Q#M3678&2/13e#@J
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
48. P$("+QR!E
'#,@1/3#K
@/(5+"#7
M"+I#,+ 6=
/78&2/ M"+I#,+
/78&2/ 6= M"+I
/78&2/
"13$#M/@
P@//3/7/@%&
>/(5+(7+1
'#,@1/3#K
G "13,7(KK/5+/B
@/(5+"#7
0&3/78&2/
M"+I3/78&2/
A@#B,5+1
A@#%@/113#K3+I/3@/(5+"#7
49. Las enzimas son específicas para los substratos
K =-+*,10&$D.+%.2*,+,-+0)1-+10&`1+)'1+,'>$91+%,+
-,+--191+1,01+@(+#3
K N1+,'>$91+%,+)',+1-+%)2%&*1&.+4+M.*91+,-++
5#2)$/f#3/78"2(W1,01+@(+#3
K =-+$,%(@ (5+"H#3,%+-1+*,($3'+,'+-1+,'>$91+1-+
0)1-+%,+)',+,-+%)2%&*1&.
K N($$(3Z7B,5"B(3--,D1+1-+%)2%&*1&.+4+(*)8.%+
F)69$0.%+1-+-)(1*+10&$D.+4+,'+8.%$0$3'+F),+
M10$-$&1+-1+J12$-$:1:+:,+-1+,'>$91+81*1+01&1-$>1*+
-1+*,100$3'
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
50. P$("+QR!H
?,01+@(+/
=5+"H/31"+/
678&2/ 678&2/W1,01+@(+/
5#2)$/
D(E D0E
51. Catálisis en lugar activo de la Enzima
K ='+)'1+*,100$3'+,'>$9G&$01O+,-+%)2%&*1&.+%,+
)',+1-+-)(1*+10&$D.+
K =-+%$&$.+10&$D.+8),:,+21?1*+-1+21**,*1+:,+-1+=A 1+
&*1D7%+:,
– W*$,'&1*+-.%+%)2%&*1&.%+0.**,0&19,'&,
– P.*>1*+-.%+,'-10,%+:,+-.%+%)2%&*1&.%
– C*.D,,*+)'+9$0*.R192$,'&,+M1D.*12-,
– P.*91*+)'+,'-10,+0.D1-,'&,+0.'+,-+%)2%&*1&.
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
52. P$("+QR!I
9 ?,01+@(+/13/7+/@3(5+"H/31"+/g3/78&2/3
5I(7%/131I()/31,5I3+I(+3"+13(5+"H/31"+/ : ?,01+@(+/13I/$B3"73
/7K#$B13+I/31,01+@(+/13D"7B,5/B3K"+EL (5+"H/31"+/30&3M/(J
"7+/@(5+"#71_31,5I3(13
I&B@#%/730#7B13(7B
"#7"530#7B1L
?,01+@(+/1
678&2/W1,01+@(+/
5#2)$/
; =5+"H/31"+/35(73$#M/@36=
(7B31)//B3,)3(3@/(5+"#7L
d =5+"H/
1"+/3"1
(H("$(0$/
K#@3+M#37/M
1,01+@(+/
2#$/5,$/1L
678&2/
T A@#B,5+13(@/ a ?,01+@(+/13(@/
@/$/(1/BL 5#7H/@+/B3+#
)@#B,5+1L
A@#B,5+1
53. Efectos de las Condiciones Locales en la Actividad
de la Enzima
K N1+10&$D$:1:+,'>$9G&$01 8),:,+%,*+1M,0&1:1+8.*+
– P10&.*,%+192$,'&1-,%+0.9.+-1+&,98,*1&)*1+4+,-++
8d
– U.98),%&.%+F)69$0.%+F),+$'M-)4,'+1+-1+
,'>$91
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
54. Efectos de Temperatura y pH
K U1:1+,'>$91+&$,',+)'1+&,98,*1&)*1+4+8d
38&$9.%+1-+0)1-+M)'0$.'1
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
55. P$("+QR!Q
R)+"2($3+/2)/@(+,@/3K#@ R)+"2($3+/2)/@(+,@/3K#@
+&)"5($3I,2(73/78&2/ /78&2/3#K3+I/@2#)I"$"5
DI/(+W+#$/@(7+E3
>(+/3#K3@/(5+"#7
0(5+/@"(33333333333
UaU dU
:U -U 9UU
N/2)/@(+,@/3Dh'E
D(E3R)+"2($3+/2)/@(+,@/3K#@3+M#3/78&2/1
R)+"2($3)Q3K#@3)/)1"7 R)+"2($3)Q
D1+#2(5I3/78&2/E K#@3+@&)1"7
D"7+/1+"7($
>(+/3#K3@/(5+"#7
/78&2/E
U a
9 T : ; d i - j 9U
)Q
D0E3R)+"2($3)Q3K#@3+M#3/78&2/1
56. Cofactores
K '#K(5+#@/13%.'+14):1'&,%+'.R8*.&,$0.%+
K U.M10&.*,%+8),:,'+%,*+$'.*(G'$0.%+Y,?O+)'+
9,&1-+,'+M.*91+$3'$01Z+)+.*(G'$0.%+
K )'+0.M10&.*+.*(G'$0.+%,+--191+)'1+5#/78"2(
K U.,'>$91%+$'0-)4,'+-1%+D$&19$'1%
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
57. Inhibidores Enzimáticos
K Z7I"0"B#@/135#2)/+"+"H#13%,+)','+1-+-)(1*+
10&$D.+:,+-1+,'>$91O+0.98$&$,':.+0.'+,-+
%)2%&*1&.
K Z7I"0"B#@/13`#W5#2)/+"+"H#13%,+)','+1+.&*1+
81*&,+:,+-1+,'>$91O+01)%1':.+F),+-1+,'>$91+
0192$,+:,+M.*91+4+,-+-)(1*+10&$D.+%,+&.*'1+
9,'.%+,M,0&$D.
K =?,98-.%+:,+$'J$2$:.*,%/+&.;$'1%O+D,','.%O+
8,%&$0$:1%O+4+1'&$2$3&$0.%
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
58. P$("+QR!a
?,01+@(+/
=5+"H/31"+/
'#2)/+"+"H/3
"7I"0"+#@
678&2/
`#75#2)/+"+"H/3"7I"0"+#@
D(E3`#@2($30"7B"7% D0E3'#2)/+"+"H/3"7I"0"+"#7 D5E3`#75#2)/+"+"H/3"7I"0"+"#7
59. Concepto 8.5: La regulación de la actividad
enzimática ayuda a controlar el metabolismo
K =;$%&$*61+)'+01.%+F)69$0.+,'+-1%+07-)-1%+%$+-1%+
*)&1%+9,&123-$01%+'.+%.'+*,()-1:1%
K L'1+07-)-1+--,D1+1+012.+0.'&*.-+1+&*1D7%+:,+-1+
10&$D10$3'+4+:,%10&$D10$3'+:,+(,',%+F),+
0.:$M$01'+81*1+8*.&,6'1%+.+8.*+-1+*,()-10$3'+:,+
-1+10&$D$:1:+:,+-1%++,'>$91%
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
60. Regulación Alosterica
K @/%,$(5"473($#1+/@"5( 8),:,+$'J$2$*+.+
,%&$9)-1*+-1+10&$D$:1:+:,+)'1+,'>$91
K W0)**,+0)1':.+)'1+9.-70)-1+*,()-1:.*1+%,+
)',+1+)'1+8*.&,6'1+4+1M,0&1+-1+M)'0$3'+,'+.&*.+
-)(1*+:,+-1+8*.&,6'1
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
61. Activación e Inhibición Alosterica
K N1%+,'>$91%+F),+%.'+*,()-1:1%+:,+,%&1+M.*91+
,%&G'+J,0J1%+:,+%)2R)'$:1:,%+:,+8.-$878&$:.%+
K U1:1+,'>$91+&$,',+M.*91%+10&$D1%+,+$'10&$D1%+
K N1+)'$3'+:,+)'+10&$D1:.*+,%&12$-$>1+-1+M.*91+
10&$D1
K N1+)'$3'+:,+)'+$'J$2$:.* ,%&12$-$>1+-1+M.*91+
$'10&$D1
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
62. P$("+QR<b
=$$#1+/@"5 /7&82/ =5+"H/31"+/
M"+I3K#,@31,0,7"+1 D#7/3#K3K#,@E
>/%,$(+#@&
1"+/3D#7/ =5+"H(+#@
#K3K#,@E
=5+"H/3K#@2 ?+(0"$"8/B3(5+"H/3K#@2
R15"$$(+"#7
`#7W Z7I"0"+#@
K,75+"#7($ Z7(5+"H/3K#@2 ?+(0"$"8/B3"7(5+"H/
(5+"H/ K#@2
1"+/
D(E3=$$#1+/@"5 (5+"H(+#@13(7B3"7I"0"+#@1
?,01+@(+/
Z7(5+"H/3K#@2 ?+(0"$"8/B3(5+"H/
K#@2
D0E3'##)/@(+"H"+&G3(7#+I/@3+&)/3#K3($$#1+/@"5 (5+"H(+"#7
63. P$("+QR<b1
=$$#1+/@"5 /78&2/ =5+"H/31"+/
M"+I3K#,@31,0,7"+1 D#7/3#K3K#,@E
>/%,$(+#@&
1"+/3D#7/
=5+"H(+#@
#K3K#,@E
=5+"H/3K#@2 ?+(0"$"8/B3(5+"H/3K#@2
R15"$$(+"#7
`#7W Z7I"0"+#@
K,75+"#7($ Z7(5+"H/3K#@2 ?+(0"$"8/B3"7(5+"H/
(5+"H/ K#@2
1"+/
D(E3=$$#1+/@"5 (5+"H(+#@13(7B3"7I"0"+#@1
64. K '##)/@(+"H"12#3,%+)'1+M.*91+:,+*,()-10$3'++
1-.%&,*$01 F),+198-$M$01+-1+10&$D$:1:+:,+-1++
,'>$91+
K ='+0..8,*1&$D$%9.O+-1+)'$3'+:,+)'+%)2%&*1&.+1+
)'+-)(1*+10&$D.+,%&12$-$>1+M1D.*12-,9,'&,+4+
.0)**,'+0192$.%+:,+M.*91+,'+&.:1%+-1%+
%)2)'$:1:,%
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
65. P$("+QR<b2
?,01+@(+/
Z7(5+"H/3K#@2 ?+(0"$"8/B3(5+"H/
K#@2
D0E3'##)/@(+"H"+&G3(7#+I/@3+&)/3#K3($$#1+/@"5 (5+"H(+"#7
66. Identificación de Reguladores Alostericos
K ^,()-1:.*,%+1-.%&,*$0.% %.'+1&*10&$D.%+81*1+-1+
$':)%&*$1+M1*9107)&$01+8.*+%)+*,()-10$3'++
,'>$9G&$01
K e'J$2$0$3'+:,+-1%+f01%81%1%g 14):1'+1-+91',?.+
:,+*,%8),%&1%+$'M-191&.*$1%
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
67. P$("+QR<!
6lA6>Z.6`N
'(1)(1/ 9 =5+"H/ ?,01+@(+/
1"+/
?Q ?Q
m7#M73(5+"H/3K#@2 =5+"H/3K#@235(7
0"7B31,01+@(+/
?Q =$$#1+/@"5
0"7B"7%31"+/ ?n?
=$$#1+/@"5
m7#M73"7(5+"H/3K#@2 "7I"0"+#@ Q&)#+I/1"1G3($$#1+/@"5
"7I"0"+#@3$#5J13/78&2/
"73"7(5+"H/3K#@2
>6?kYN?
'(1)(1/ 9
Z7I"0"+#@
=5+"H/3K#@2 =$$#1+/@"5($$& Z7(5+"H/3K#@2
"7I"0"+/B3K#@2
68. Inhibición por retroalimentación
K ='+7%&1+,-+8*.:)0&.+M$'1-+01'0,-1+-1+*)&1+
9,&123-$01+
K =D$&1+F),+-1+07-)-1+91-(1%&,+*,0)*%.%"+
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
69. P$("+QR<<
Z7"+"($31,01+@(+/
D+I@/#7"7/E
=5+"H/31"+/
(H("$(0$/
NI@/#7"7/
"73(5+"H/31"+/
678&2/39
D+I@/#7"7/
Z1#$/,5"7/ B/(2"7(1/E
,1/B3,)30&
5/$$
Z7+/@2/B"(+/3=
P//B0(5J
"7I"0"+"#7 678&2/3:
=5+"H/31"+/3#K
/78&2/3937#
$#7%/@30"7B1 Z7+/@2/B"(+/3!
+I@/#7"7/g
)(+IM(&3"1 678&2/3;
1M"+5I/B3#KKL
Z7+/@2/B"(+/3'
Z1#$/,5"7/
0"7B13+# 678&2/3a
($$#1+/@"5
1"+/
Z7+/@2/B"(+/3<
678&2/3T
67B3)@#B,5+
D"1#$/,5"7/E
70. Localización especifica de las Enzimas
K =%&*)0&)*1+:,'&*.+:,+-1+07-)-1+14):1+1+
91'&,',*+,-+.*:,'+,'+-1%+*)&1%+9,&123-$01%+
K A-()'1%+%.'+81*&,+:,+-1+9,92*1'1+0,-)-1*
K ='+07-)-1%+,)01*$.'&,%O+1-()'1%+,'>$91%+,%&G'+
,'+-.%+.*(G')-.%5+,?"+9$&.0.':*$.%
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings