Este documento proporciona una introducción al capítulo 10 sobre fotosíntesis. Explica que la fotosíntesis convierte la energía solar en energía química y alimenta toda la vida en la Tierra. Describe que la fotosíntesis ocurre en los cloroplastos de las plantas y otros organismos, y consta de dos etapas: las reacciones lumínicas y el ciclo de Calvin. Las reacciones lumínicas convierten la energía de la luz en energía química en forma de ATP y NADPH, mientras que
21. Fig. 10-5-1
H2 O
Light
NADP+
ADP
+ P
i
Light
Reactions
Chloroplast
22. Fig. 10-5-2
H2 O
Light
NADP+
ADP
+ P
i
Light
Reactions
ATP
NADPH
El producto de las reacciónes
Chloroplast lumínicas es ATP y NADPH...estos son
los precursores energéticos del ciclo
de calvin. Tambien otro de los
O2 productos es oxígeno.
23. Fig. 10-5-3
H2 O CO2
Light
NADP+
ADP
+ P
i
Calvin
Light Cycle
Reactions
ATP
NADPH
Chloroplast
O2
24. Fig. 10-5-4
H2 O CO2
Light
NADP+
ADP
+ P
i
Calvin
Light Cycle
Reactions
ATP
NADPH
Chloroplast
O2 [CH2O]
(sugar)
32. Fig. 10-8
TECHNIQUE
White Refracting Chlorophyll Photoelectric
light prism solution tube
Galvanometer
2 3
1 4
The high transmittance
Slit moves to Green (low absorption)
pass light light reading indicates that
of selected chlorophyll absorbs
wavelength very little green light.
The low transmittance
Blue (high absorption)
light reading indicates that
chlorophyll absorbs
most blue light.
37. Fig. 10-10
CH3 in chlorophyll a
CHO in chlorophyll b
Porphyrin ring:
light-absorbing
“head” of molecule;
note magnesium
atom at center
Hydrocarbon tail:
interacts with hydrophobic
regions of proteins inside
thylakoid membranes of
chloroplasts; H atoms not
shown
39. Fig. 10-11
Excited
e– state
Energy of electron
Heat
Photon
(fluorescence)
Photon Ground
Chlorophyll state
molecule
(a) Excitation of isolated chlorophyll molecule (b) Fluorescence
42. Fig. 10-12
Photosystem STROMA
Photon
Light-harvesting Reaction-center Primary
complexes complex electron
acceptor
Thylakoid membrane
e–
Transfer Special pair of Pigment
of energy chlorophyll a molecules
molecules
THYLAKOID SPACE
(INTERIOR OF THYLAKOID)
51. Fig. 10-13-3
Ele
Primary ctro 4
n tr
acceptor ans
por
Pq t ch
2 ain
H2O e– Cytochrome
2 H+
complex
+
1/ O2 3
2
Pc
e–
e–
P680 5
1 Light
ATP
Pigment
molecules
Photosystem II
(PS II)
55. Fig. 10-13-5
E
tra lect
n ro
ch spo n
Primary ain rt
Ele acceptor
Primary ctro 4 7
n tr
acceptor ans Fd
por
Pq t ch e–
2 ain e– – 8
H2O e– e NADP+
Cytochrome
2 H+ NADP+ + H+
complex
+ reductase
1/ O 3 NADPH
2 2
Pc
e–
e– P700
P680 5 Light
1 Light 6
ATP
Pigment
molecules
Photosystem I
(PS I)
Photosystem II
(PS II)
56. Fig. 10-14
e–
ATP
e– e–
NADPH
e–
e–
e–
Mill
n
Photo
makes
ATP
e–
Photon
Photosystem II Photosystem I
62. Fig. 10-16
Mitochondrion Chloroplast
MITOCHONDRION CHLOROPLAST
STRUCTURE STRUCTURE
H+ Diffusion
Intermembrane Thylakoid
space space
Electron
Inner Thylakoid
transport
membrane chain membrane
ATP
synthase
Matrix Stroma
Key
ADP + P i
ATP
Higher [H+] H+
Lower [H+]
67. Fig. 10-18-1
Input 3 (Entering one
at a time)
CO2
Phase 1: Carbon fixation
Rubisco
3 P P
Short-lived
intermediate
3P P 6 P
Ribulose bisphosphate 3-Phosphoglycerate
(RuBP)
68. Fig. 10-18-2
Input 3 (Entering one
at a time)
CO2
Phase 1: Carbon fixation
Rubisco
3 P P
Short-lived
intermediate
3P P 6 P
Ribulose bisphosphate 3-Phosphoglycerate
(RuBP) 6 ATP
6 ADP
Calvin
Cycle
6 P P
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
6 NADPH
6 NADP+
6 Pi
6 P
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Phase 2:
(G3P) Reduction
1 P Glucose and
Output G3P other organic
(a sugar) compounds
69. Fig. 10-18-3
Input 3 (Entering one
at a time)
CO2
Phase 1: Carbon fixation
Rubisco
3 P P
Short-lived
intermediate
3P P 6 P
Ribulose bisphosphate 3-Phosphoglycerate
(RuBP) 6 ATP
6 ADP
3 ADP Calvin
Cycle
6 P P
3 ATP
1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
6 NADPH
Phase 3:
Regeneration of 6 NADP+
the CO2 acceptor 6 Pi
(RuBP)
5 P
G3P
6 P
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Phase 2:
(G3P) Reduction
1 P Glucose and
Output G3P other organic
(a sugar) compounds
71. Fig. 10-21
H 2O CO2
Light
NADP+
ADP
+ P
i
Light RuBP
Reactions: 3-Phosphoglycerate
Photosystem II Calvin
Electron transport chain Cycle
Photosystem I
Electron transport chain
ATP G3P
Starch
NADPH (storage)
Chloroplast
O2 Sucrose (export)
72. Fig. 10-UN1
H 2O CO2
El
ec
tr
El Primary on
ec ch tr
tr acceptor
Primary on ai an
n sp
acceptor ch tr Fd or
ai an t
n sp NADP+
H2O Pq or
t NADP+ + H+
reductase
O2 Cytochrome NADPH
complex
Pc
Photosystem I
ATP
Photosystem II
O2
73. Fig. 10-UN2
3 CO2
Carbon fixation
3 5C 6 3C
Calvin
Cycle
Regeneration of
CO2 acceptor
5 3C
Reduction
1 G3P (3C)