The document discusses the yield curve, which plots the relationship between bond yields (interest rates) and their time to maturity. It notes that yield curves are typically upward sloping, with longer-term bonds having higher yields than shorter-term bonds. Yield curves are used by analysts to understand financial markets and seek trading opportunities, and by economists to understand economic conditions. The shape and slope of the yield curve changes daily based on market reactions to news.

2. Unraveling the ‘Yield Curve’

3.  In finance, the yield curve is the relation between the interest rate (or cost of
borrowing) and the time to maturity of the debt for a given borrower in a given
currency.
 For example, the current U.S. dollar interest rates paid on U.S. Treasury
securities for arious maturities are closely watched by many traders, and are
commonly plotted on a graph informally called the ‘yield curve’ which is depicted
in the previous slide.

4. So what is ‘yield’?
 The yield of a debt instrument is the annualized percentage increase in the value of
the investment.
 For instance, a bank account that pays an interest rate of 4% per year has a 4%
yield.

5. In general…
 The percentage per year that can be earned is dependent on the length of time that
the money is invested.
 This earning for having invested your money in a particular investment instrument is
called as ‘yield’.
 Also, it is important to understand that the yield is not directly proportional to the
length of the investment. ( It is not a straight line relationship).

6. So what are the uses of the
Yield Curve?
 Yield curves are used by fixed income analysts, who analyze bonds and related
securities, to understand conditions in financial markets and to seek trading
opportunities.
 Economists use the curves to understand economic conditions.
 The yield curve function Y is actually only known with certainty for a few specific
maturity dates. The other maturities are calculated by interpolation.

7. The typical shape of a
Yield Curve

8. Now…
Yield curves are usually upward sloping i.e.
the longer the maturity, the higher the yield,
with diminishing marginal growth (which
means that after a point every increase in
duration will bring lesser incremental return).

9. This is because…
 It is easier to predict the near term as against the long term.
 Hence, short term papers are usually held by the investor till its maturity.
 And long term instruments are usually traded in the market as their returns get
affected by changes in interest rates, which occur regularly in an economy.

10. Also…
 The yield curve can also be flat or even concave in shape where the short term yield
is seen to be more than than the long term yield.
 This is being witnessed currently wherein overnight interest rates (call money rates)
soared due to the liquidity crunch.
 Yield curves move on a daily basis, reflecting the market's reaction to news.