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Chapter 8  From Single-Celled Organisms to Kingdoms Figure CO: Tree © Carlos Caetano/ShutterStock , Inc.
Overview ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Figure 01A: Generalized prokaryotic
Microfossils ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Microfossils   ,[object Object],Reproduced from Schopf, J.W., Science 260 (1993): 640-646. Reprinted with permission from AAAS.  Courtesy of J. William Schopf, Professor of Paleobiology & Director of IGPP CSEOL. Figure 07A: Filamentous unicellular fossil  Figure 07B: Fossil
Biogeochemistry: Early Organisms' Contributions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Figure 07C: Phase-contrast microphotograph of a filament of cells of an extant cyanobacterium
Fascinating Fossil Finds ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Fossil Evidence for Dating Early Life ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Stromatolites Figure 04C: 2-By-old fossils from the Helena Formation in Glacier National Park, Montana  © Chung Ooi Tan/ShutterStock, Inc. Figure 04B: Cross-sections of the Namibian stromatolites Figure 04A:  Living stromatolites from Namibia, Africa © Marli Miller/Visuals Unlimited © Sinclair Stammers/Photo Researchers, Inc . Figure 04D:  Cross-sections of Fossil  Stromatolites © Sinclair Stammers/Photo Researchers, Inc.
Stromatolites
Early Fossilized Cells/ Unicellular Organisms ,[object Object],[object Object],Figure 06B: Record of stromatolite deposits and microbial fossils Courtesy of J. William Schopf, Professor of Paleobiology & Director of IGPP CSEOL Figure 06A: Record of stromatolite deposits and microbial fossils
The Tree of Life ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Kingdoms of Organisms ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Kingdoms of Organisms ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Kingdoms of Organisms ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Kingdoms of Organisms ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Figure 01B: Generalized eukaryotic - animal Figure 01C: Generalized eukaryotic - plant Figure 01A: Generalized prokaryotic
Four Kingdoms ,[object Object],(1956)
Two Domains Became Five Kingdoms ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Figure 02: Monophyletic and polyphyletic schemes
The Five Kingdoms
Five Kingdoms Became Three Domains ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],(5 or 6 nested Kingdoms)
Figure 03: Three Domains of Life,  Eubacteria ,  Archaea  and  Eukarya Protistans
Archaebacterial Character Traits ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Diversity of Archaebacteria Two Main Phyla Recognized Many Other Potential Archaean Phyla Under Study Some Archaebacterian is the probable ancestor to the Eukaryotes.
Archea—Methane Producers  ,[object Object],[object Object]
Methanogens Today?
Thomas Cavalier-Smith's Various Kingdoms ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The Tree of Life in Your Text Figure 05: Phylogenetic tree Adapted from Sogin, M.L., Current Opinion Genet. Devel., 1 (1991): 457-463 and Wheelis, M.L., et al., Proc. Natl Acad. Sci USA 89 (1992): 2930-2934. Quite a different tree from that of Thomas Cavalier-Smith Who is the Last Universal Common Ancestor? You will introduce us to these groups
Last Universal Common Ancestor ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Why Are Archaebacteria More Closely Related to Eukaryotes Than Bacteria? ,[object Object],[object Object]
Procaryote Phylogenies
THE  KINGDOMS OF EUBACTERIA ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],See the  Science of Biodiversity  web site for more details. This division into 9 Kingdoms is based on structural differences in RNA.
Diversity of Archea and Eubacteria   ,[object Object]
Cyanobacteria ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Cyanobacteria   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],~2 BYBP ~850 mybp extant  Anabaena sp .
Biogeochemistry: Early Organisms' Contributions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Three Domains of Life  ,[object Object],[object Object]
Horizontal Gene Transfer  and the Tree of Life ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT) ,[object Object]
Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT) ,[object Object]
Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT) ,[object Object],[object Object]
Horizontal Gene Transfer of P IB -Type ATPases among Bacteria Isolated from Radionuclide- and Metal-Contaminated Subsurface Soils   Applied and Environmental Microbiology, May 2006, p. 3111-3118, Vol. 72, No. 5 Robert J. Martinez,   Yanling Wang, Melanie A. Raimondo, Jonna M. Coombs, Tamar Barkay,   and Patricia A. Sobecky
Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT) ,[object Object]
A Phylogenetic Tree of MutS2 Subfamily from Representative Species Showing Horizontal Gene Transfer Between Bacteria and Plants Lin Z et al. Nucl. Acids Res. 2007;35:7591-7603 © 2007 The Author(s) ‏ MUTS2 is a locus for proteins involved in DNA mismatch repair
Horizontally Transferred Genes in Plant-Parasitic Nematodes: a High-Throughput Genomic Approach Elizabeth H Scholl, Jeffrey L Thorne, James P McCarter and David Mck Bird ,[object Object],Genome Biology  2003,  4 :R39 
American Society for Microbiology Tree of Life (2009) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
More on The Tree of Life ,[object Object],[object Object]
Evolution of Eukaryotes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Chapter 8 End

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From single-celled organism to kingdoms

  • 1. Chapter 8 From Single-Celled Organisms to Kingdoms Figure CO: Tree © Carlos Caetano/ShutterStock , Inc.
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  • 8. Stromatolites Figure 04C: 2-By-old fossils from the Helena Formation in Glacier National Park, Montana © Chung Ooi Tan/ShutterStock, Inc. Figure 04B: Cross-sections of the Namibian stromatolites Figure 04A: Living stromatolites from Namibia, Africa © Marli Miller/Visuals Unlimited © Sinclair Stammers/Photo Researchers, Inc . Figure 04D: Cross-sections of Fossil Stromatolites © Sinclair Stammers/Photo Researchers, Inc.
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  • 16. Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Figure 01B: Generalized eukaryotic - animal Figure 01C: Generalized eukaryotic - plant Figure 01A: Generalized prokaryotic
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  • 21. Figure 03: Three Domains of Life, Eubacteria , Archaea and Eukarya Protistans
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  • 23. Diversity of Archaebacteria Two Main Phyla Recognized Many Other Potential Archaean Phyla Under Study Some Archaebacterian is the probable ancestor to the Eukaryotes.
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  • 27. The Tree of Life in Your Text Figure 05: Phylogenetic tree Adapted from Sogin, M.L., Current Opinion Genet. Devel., 1 (1991): 457-463 and Wheelis, M.L., et al., Proc. Natl Acad. Sci USA 89 (1992): 2930-2934. Quite a different tree from that of Thomas Cavalier-Smith Who is the Last Universal Common Ancestor? You will introduce us to these groups
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  • 43. Horizontal Gene Transfer of P IB -Type ATPases among Bacteria Isolated from Radionuclide- and Metal-Contaminated Subsurface Soils Applied and Environmental Microbiology, May 2006, p. 3111-3118, Vol. 72, No. 5 Robert J. Martinez, Yanling Wang, Melanie A. Raimondo, Jonna M. Coombs, Tamar Barkay, and Patricia A. Sobecky
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  • 45. A Phylogenetic Tree of MutS2 Subfamily from Representative Species Showing Horizontal Gene Transfer Between Bacteria and Plants Lin Z et al. Nucl. Acids Res. 2007;35:7591-7603 © 2007 The Author(s) ‏ MUTS2 is a locus for proteins involved in DNA mismatch repair
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Notas del editor

  1. A phylogenetic tree of MutS2 subfamily from representative species showing horizontal gene transfer between bacteria and plants. Phylogenetic trees were constructed using full-length MutS2 protein sequences. The methods used in tree reconstruction and percent bootstrap values are given as in Figure 2.