This presentation it is about Internacional water-resources-issues. Here

1. INTERNATIONAL WATER-
RESOURCES ISSUES
Some Concepts and Case
Studies

2. Water-Resources Management Concept

3. Examples of Global Water Issues
• Human health (water
supply/sanitation)
• Food and agriculture
• Mining and industry
• Other water uses – recreation &
fishing
• Political conflicts
• Lack of regulatory enforcement
• Discussion, opinions, and questions

4. A “check list” – to keep in mind during
this presentation:
• Water availability (supply) – quantity &
quality
• Water-resources sustainability (climate
change)
• Water law, administration, and
enforcement
• Studies and decisions with limited data
– Characterization assessments
– Model applications
(calibration/verification/simulation)
• IWRM – the current “silver bullet”

5. Topics of Interest
• Definition of “basin”
• Transboundary basins
• Basin organizations
• Water development
• Trade-offs – impacts
• Structural issues
• Institutional issues
• IWRM approaches
• built into governmental
• agencies (Africa, EU)

6. Global Population and Water-Use Trends
Source: Gleick (1998)

7. Uso del Agua - Algunos datos
• Per cápita alcanzó su punto máximo la extracción de agua
en los EE.UU. en 1975 (2.300 m3/p/yr), pasando de 500
en 1900 y m3/p/yr actualmente m3/p/yr 2000. Las
demandas globales están aumentando 4.3 por ciento /
año.
• El mayor uso de agua en el mundo se da en la agricultura
de regadío, este uso es en gran medida ineficaz. De baja
energía aplicación de precisión (LEPA) puede aumentar la
eficiencia de rociadores 60 a 70 hasta tanto como 95 por
ciento. El riego por goteo es cada vez más utilizados.
• El precio del agua juega un papel clave en el uso del agua.
*Fuente: Gleick (1998), The World’s Water.

8. Drinking Water & Basic Sanitation -- Some
Facts
• First Roman aqueducts – 312 B.C. Eventually, nine water
systems conveyed through an extensive system of lead pipes.
Per-capita water supply matched much of the modern
industrialized world. Well-built sewers drained the city. [Lead
became the “downfall” of this empire]
• 1990 estimates include 1.2 billion population without safe
drinking water and 1.7 billion without sanitation.
• 2012 estimates conclude that unsafe water and poor
sanitation will kill more children than malaria, AIDS, and
accidents combined. Most deaths come from diarrheal
disease, and 90% of the victims are children under the age of
five.
*Sources: WHO (1996); Gleick (1998), The World’s Water; Water & Wastes Digest (2012)

9. International Water-Resources
Examples
• Nepal
• Republic of Yemen
• Chile (2nd, regional GW development/basin
study)
• Argentina
• Mexico (various regional studies; WQ network
design)
• Mali – groundwater contamination/airport
• Panama – rural and municipal water supplies
• Pakistan – salinity control & reclamation
• NW PR China – master water-resources
planning
• The Philippines – City of Manila water supply

10. Case Study 1 – Koshi River Basin, Nepal

11. Himalayan Mountains, Nepal

12. Water-Resources Issues and Concerns,
Nepal
• Koshi – A transnational river basin
• Climate change
– Changes in seasonal streamflow variations
– Water-management implications
• Deforestation
• Land-use changes
• Erosion and sedimentation
• Water supply and sanitation (sewage
treatment)

13. Water-Resources Management
Components and Tools -- Nepal
• Data
– Precipitation (rainfall, snow) – areal and
temporal patterns
– Streamflow monitoring – sites, data gaps, etc.
– Land use
– Geology and soils
– Socio-economic -- population, agriculture, etc.
• Physical-process hydrologic model(s)
• Hypothetical scenarios – climate, land use,
etc.

14. Components of a Hydrologic Model (J2000)

15. Kosi River, Nepal – Actual vs. Model-Simulated Monthly
Streamflows for Assumed Scenarios

16. Case Study 2 -- Republic of Yemen – A
Water-Shortage Land

17. Islamic Water Law and Environmental
Protection

18. What are the water issues in
Yemen?
• Water scarcity (with focus on groundwater)
• High population-growth rates
• Policy and institutions
• Water contamination (pollution)
• Lack of sustainable goals
(planning/management)
• Water awareness and education
• Ineffectiveness of financial-donor projects
– The World Bank
– Various U.N. agencies (primarily UNDP)
– Other national governments (e.g., The
Netherlands)

19. Physiographic Zones in Yemen

20. Sana’a, the Capital of Yemen
• 1962 population, 62,000
• 1998 population, 1.2 M
• Approx. 15% sewered
• Water supply
– Some wells; WQ issues
– Water trucks to cisterns
• Migration to suburbs
• Old city/zuk in center
– UNESCO cultural site
– Wadi served as road

21. Yemen Photos – Water/Waste
“Management” in Sana’a, the Capital

22. Yemen Photos – Al Mukallah Region

23. Yemen Photos – Rural Water Supply &
Irrigation

24. Yemen Photo – Desertification &
Dune Control

26. Case Study 3 – Mendoza Province, Argentina
FAO Consultancy (2001-2002)
• What are the hydrologic/institutional
issues?
– Increased water use – agriculture,
municipal, industrial
– Groundwater contamination – salinity,
other WQ issues
– Water administration – surface water
vs. groundwater
• What are the engineering “solutions”?
– Build a large dam
– Line irrigation canals
– Regulate well-construction
specifications
• Other – water pricing; water-use
regulation

27. Landsat Image Mendoza Irrigation System

28. Poor Well Construction & Aquifer
Contamination

29. PROSPECTIVA DE LA
PROBLEMÁTICA DE LA
CUENCA NORTE DE MENDOZA
El cambio estructural
que introduce la construcción
del dique de Potrerillos,
producirá una serie de impactos
en el sitema hídrico
e hidrogeológico.
Instituto Nacional del Agua
Centro de Economía, Legislación y Administración del Agua

30. Case Study 4 -- Concepción, Chile –
Pollution Control Plan

31. Point-Source Pollution Sources and Public
Perception
10 km QUIRIQUINA
5 km ISLAND
1 km TOME
TUMBES
PENINSULA
N
CONCEPCION BAY
W
I
W I LIRQUEN
SAN VICENTE RO
CU
AN
BAY T
W
R
IVE
NR
O TALCAHUANO
AT
PENCO
LIE
IP
CH
DA
A
HU
I
AN
S
AL
IC
EM
LENGA CH
I
CONCEPCION
HUALPEN W* ANDALIEN RIVER
BIO
BIO
RIVE
R
Laguna
Pineda
Nonguen
Laguna Creek
SAN
PEDRO Chica
Laguna
Grande

32. Issues and Study Approaches, Concepción and
San Vicente Bays, Chile
• Fish kills (oxygen-depleted waters)
• Pollution controls of fish-processing plants
• Identification of other sources of pollution
– Steel and metallurgy
– Textile
– Chemicals and cement
– Refinery and hydrocarbon (oil/LPG) off-loading
– Domestic (municipal) sewage
• Bay water-quality/hydraulic study (DHI MIKE 3
model)
• Pollution Control Plan (PCP) for CONAMA
• Technical transfer and training
• Stakeholder identification and involvement
• Local technical collaboration and public meetings

33. Bay Transects and
Example of DHI’s Model
Data Input

34. Lessons Learned and Reality Check
• Mendoza, Argentina
– Engineering structural components have inherent
environmental and socio-economic trade-offs
– Water administration and pricing – key attributes
• Concepción, Chile
– Initial perceptions on causes may need to be
modified
– Important data-model links & non-technical
factors
– Role of regulatory controls – consistent with real
world

35. Thanks for your interest in
this topic

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