SlideShare una empresa de Scribd logo

Cognitive learning efficiency through the use of design patterns in teaching

•Descargar como PPT, PDF•
•
Gwendolyn Kolfschoten
Gwendolyn Kolfschoten
TecnologíaEntretenimiento y humor
1 de 6
Cognitive learning efficiency through the use of design patterns in teaching Gwendolyn Kolfschoten Stephan Lukosch Alexander Verbraeck Edwin Valentin Gert-Jan de Vreede
Can we find evidence for the effect of design patterns in learning, beyond direct efficiency?
Cognitive Load Theory (Sweller et al) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Experts vs. Novices ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Propositions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Preliminary Conclusions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Recomendados

Cognitiveloadpatterns
CognitiveloadpatternsCognitiveloadpatterns
CognitiveloadpatternsYishay Mor
 
Distributed Agile by Rini van Solingen
Distributed Agile by Rini van SolingenDistributed Agile by Rini van Solingen
Distributed Agile by Rini van SolingenXebia IT Architects
 
Design patterns
Design patternsDesign patterns
Design patternsOksana Demediuk
 
Cmgt 575 week 4 dq 1
Cmgt 575 week 4 dq 1Cmgt 575 week 4 dq 1
Cmgt 575 week 4 dq 1icemidel1976
 
Robert Bright Repro Less.
Robert Bright Repro Less.Robert Bright Repro Less.
Robert Bright Repro Less.rlbright
 
Data walls: RtI Day 1
Data walls: RtI Day 1Data walls: RtI Day 1
Data walls: RtI Day 1klatus
 
NNN verslag 2008
NNN verslag 2008NNN verslag 2008
NNN verslag 2008Gwendolyn Kolfschoten
 
cognitive learning efficiency through the use of design pattern in teaching
cognitive learning efficiency through the use of design pattern in teachingcognitive learning efficiency through the use of design pattern in teaching
cognitive learning efficiency through the use of design pattern in teachingYishay Mor
 

Recomendados

Cognitiveloadpatterns
CognitiveloadpatternsCognitiveloadpatterns
CognitiveloadpatternsYishay Mor
 
Distributed Agile by Rini van Solingen
Distributed Agile by Rini van SolingenDistributed Agile by Rini van Solingen
Distributed Agile by Rini van SolingenXebia IT Architects
 
Design patterns
Design patternsDesign patterns
Design patternsOksana Demediuk
 
Cmgt 575 week 4 dq 1
Cmgt 575 week 4 dq 1Cmgt 575 week 4 dq 1
Cmgt 575 week 4 dq 1icemidel1976
 
Robert Bright Repro Less.
Robert Bright Repro Less.Robert Bright Repro Less.
Robert Bright Repro Less.rlbright
 
Data walls: RtI Day 1
Data walls: RtI Day 1Data walls: RtI Day 1
Data walls: RtI Day 1klatus
 
NNN verslag 2008
NNN verslag 2008NNN verslag 2008
NNN verslag 2008Gwendolyn Kolfschoten
 
cognitive learning efficiency through the use of design pattern in teaching
cognitive learning efficiency through the use of design pattern in teachingcognitive learning efficiency through the use of design pattern in teaching
cognitive learning efficiency through the use of design pattern in teachingYishay Mor
 
Experimenting with eXtreme Design (EKAW2010)
Experimenting with eXtreme Design (EKAW2010)Experimenting with eXtreme Design (EKAW2010)
Experimenting with eXtreme Design (EKAW2010)evabl444
 
Multilayered paper prototyping for user concept modeling
Multilayered paper prototyping for user concept modelingMultilayered paper prototyping for user concept modeling
Multilayered paper prototyping for user concept modelingUKOLN (dev), University of Bath
 
Learning Theory Summary
Learning Theory SummaryLearning Theory Summary
Learning Theory SummaryJennifer Briselli
 
Yannis Dimitriadis: Interweaving learning and assessment patterns in CSCL scr...
Yannis Dimitriadis: Interweaving learning and assessment patterns in CSCL scr...Yannis Dimitriadis: Interweaving learning and assessment patterns in CSCL scr...
Yannis Dimitriadis: Interweaving learning and assessment patterns in CSCL scr...Yishay Mor
 
OLnet fellowship
OLnet fellowshipOLnet fellowship
OLnet fellowshipSandra Wills
 
Dimitriadis Et Al Ascilite 7 Dec
Dimitriadis Et Al Ascilite 7 DecDimitriadis Et Al Ascilite 7 Dec
Dimitriadis Et Al Ascilite 7 Decgrainne
 
Control Systems Tutorials
Control Systems TutorialsControl Systems Tutorials
Control Systems Tutorialskebden
 
PhD Dissertation
PhD DissertationPhD Dissertation
PhD DissertationZoran Jeremic
 
Bower Computer Science Education Literature Review Csta
Bower Computer Science Education Literature Review CstaBower Computer Science Education Literature Review Csta
Bower Computer Science Education Literature Review Cstambower
 
Cs 1023 lec 9 design pattern (week 2)
Cs 1023 lec 9 design pattern (week 2)Cs 1023 lec 9 design pattern (week 2)
Cs 1023 lec 9 design pattern (week 2)stanbridge
 
Overview of the OULDI project
Overview of the OULDI projectOverview of the OULDI project
Overview of the OULDI projectOpen University Learning Design Initiative
 
Madhuri presentation
Madhuri presentationMadhuri presentation
Madhuri presentationMadhuri Dubey
 
CADMOS: A learning design tool for Moodle courses
CADMOS: A learning design tool for Moodle coursesCADMOS: A learning design tool for Moodle courses
CADMOS: A learning design tool for Moodle coursesmrc12
 
Intro ouldi hea_sig_no_logo
Intro ouldi hea_sig_no_logoIntro ouldi hea_sig_no_logo
Intro ouldi hea_sig_no_logoRebecca Galley
 
Can web 2.0 help us share learning designs?
Can web 2.0 help us share learning designs?Can web 2.0 help us share learning designs?
Can web 2.0 help us share learning designs?sheilatest
 
Web Engineering Workshop
Web Engineering WorkshopWeb Engineering Workshop
Web Engineering WorkshopDhaval Dalal
 
Conole_Ascilite_Learning_Design_Workshop
Conole_Ascilite_Learning_Design_WorkshopConole_Ascilite_Learning_Design_Workshop
Conole_Ascilite_Learning_Design_Workshopgrainne
 
Embedding Educational Design Pattern Frameworks into Learning Management Systems
Embedding Educational Design Pattern Frameworks into Learning Management SystemsEmbedding Educational Design Pattern Frameworks into Learning Management Systems
Embedding Educational Design Pattern Frameworks into Learning Management SystemsMichael Derntl
 
E designtemplatedraft
E designtemplatedraftE designtemplatedraft
E designtemplatedraftHelen Walmsley
 
Cognitive Tools
Cognitive ToolsCognitive Tools
Cognitive ToolsMartin Homik
 
MS Copilot expands with MS Graph connectors
MS Copilot expands with MS Graph connectorsMS Copilot expands with MS Graph connectors
MS Copilot expands with MS Graph connectorsNanddeep Nachan
 
Apidays New York 2024 - Passkeys: Developing APIs to enable passwordless auth...
Apidays New York 2024 - Passkeys: Developing APIs to enable passwordless auth...Apidays New York 2024 - Passkeys: Developing APIs to enable passwordless auth...
Apidays New York 2024 - Passkeys: Developing APIs to enable passwordless auth...apidays
 

Más contenido relacionado

Similar a Cognitive learning efficiency through the use of design patterns in teaching

Experimenting with eXtreme Design (EKAW2010)
Experimenting with eXtreme Design (EKAW2010)Experimenting with eXtreme Design (EKAW2010)
Experimenting with eXtreme Design (EKAW2010)evabl444
 
Multilayered paper prototyping for user concept modeling
Multilayered paper prototyping for user concept modelingMultilayered paper prototyping for user concept modeling
Multilayered paper prototyping for user concept modelingUKOLN (dev), University of Bath
 
Yannis Dimitriadis: Interweaving learning and assessment patterns in CSCL scr...
Yannis Dimitriadis: Interweaving learning and assessment patterns in CSCL scr...Yannis Dimitriadis: Interweaving learning and assessment patterns in CSCL scr...
Yannis Dimitriadis: Interweaving learning and assessment patterns in CSCL scr...Yishay Mor
 
Dimitriadis Et Al Ascilite 7 Dec
Dimitriadis Et Al Ascilite 7 DecDimitriadis Et Al Ascilite 7 Dec
Dimitriadis Et Al Ascilite 7 Decgrainne
 
Control Systems Tutorials
Control Systems TutorialsControl Systems Tutorials
Control Systems Tutorialskebden
 
Bower Computer Science Education Literature Review Csta
Bower Computer Science Education Literature Review CstaBower Computer Science Education Literature Review Csta
Bower Computer Science Education Literature Review Cstambower
 
Cs 1023 lec 9 design pattern (week 2)
Cs 1023 lec 9 design pattern (week 2)Cs 1023 lec 9 design pattern (week 2)
Cs 1023 lec 9 design pattern (week 2)stanbridge
 
Madhuri presentation
Madhuri presentationMadhuri presentation
Madhuri presentationMadhuri Dubey
 
CADMOS: A learning design tool for Moodle courses
CADMOS: A learning design tool for Moodle coursesCADMOS: A learning design tool for Moodle courses
CADMOS: A learning design tool for Moodle coursesmrc12
 
Intro ouldi hea_sig_no_logo
Intro ouldi hea_sig_no_logoIntro ouldi hea_sig_no_logo
Intro ouldi hea_sig_no_logoRebecca Galley
 
Can web 2.0 help us share learning designs?
Can web 2.0 help us share learning designs?Can web 2.0 help us share learning designs?
Can web 2.0 help us share learning designs?sheilatest
 
Web Engineering Workshop
Web Engineering WorkshopWeb Engineering Workshop
Web Engineering WorkshopDhaval Dalal
 
Conole_Ascilite_Learning_Design_Workshop
Conole_Ascilite_Learning_Design_WorkshopConole_Ascilite_Learning_Design_Workshop
Conole_Ascilite_Learning_Design_Workshopgrainne
 
Embedding Educational Design Pattern Frameworks into Learning Management Systems
Embedding Educational Design Pattern Frameworks into Learning Management SystemsEmbedding Educational Design Pattern Frameworks into Learning Management Systems
Embedding Educational Design Pattern Frameworks into Learning Management SystemsMichael Derntl
 

Similar a Cognitive learning efficiency through the use of design patterns in teaching (20)

Experimenting with eXtreme Design (EKAW2010)
Experimenting with eXtreme Design (EKAW2010)Experimenting with eXtreme Design (EKAW2010)
Experimenting with eXtreme Design (EKAW2010)
 
Multilayered paper prototyping for user concept modeling
Multilayered paper prototyping for user concept modelingMultilayered paper prototyping for user concept modeling
Multilayered paper prototyping for user concept modeling
 
Learning Theory Summary
Learning Theory SummaryLearning Theory Summary
Learning Theory Summary
 
Yannis Dimitriadis: Interweaving learning and assessment patterns in CSCL scr...
Yannis Dimitriadis: Interweaving learning and assessment patterns in CSCL scr...Yannis Dimitriadis: Interweaving learning and assessment patterns in CSCL scr...
Yannis Dimitriadis: Interweaving learning and assessment patterns in CSCL scr...
 
OLnet fellowship
OLnet fellowshipOLnet fellowship
OLnet fellowship
 
Dimitriadis Et Al Ascilite 7 Dec
Dimitriadis Et Al Ascilite 7 DecDimitriadis Et Al Ascilite 7 Dec
Dimitriadis Et Al Ascilite 7 Dec
 
Control Systems Tutorials
Control Systems TutorialsControl Systems Tutorials
Control Systems Tutorials
 
PhD Dissertation
PhD DissertationPhD Dissertation
PhD Dissertation
 
Bower Computer Science Education Literature Review Csta
Bower Computer Science Education Literature Review CstaBower Computer Science Education Literature Review Csta
Bower Computer Science Education Literature Review Csta
 
Cs 1023 lec 9 design pattern (week 2)
Cs 1023 lec 9 design pattern (week 2)Cs 1023 lec 9 design pattern (week 2)
Cs 1023 lec 9 design pattern (week 2)
 
Overview of the OULDI project
Overview of the OULDI projectOverview of the OULDI project
Overview of the OULDI project
 
Madhuri presentation
Madhuri presentationMadhuri presentation
Madhuri presentation
 
CADMOS: A learning design tool for Moodle courses
CADMOS: A learning design tool for Moodle coursesCADMOS: A learning design tool for Moodle courses
CADMOS: A learning design tool for Moodle courses
 
Intro ouldi hea_sig_no_logo
Intro ouldi hea_sig_no_logoIntro ouldi hea_sig_no_logo
Intro ouldi hea_sig_no_logo
 
Can web 2.0 help us share learning designs?
Can web 2.0 help us share learning designs?Can web 2.0 help us share learning designs?
Can web 2.0 help us share learning designs?
 
Web Engineering Workshop
Web Engineering WorkshopWeb Engineering Workshop
Web Engineering Workshop
 
Conole_Ascilite_Learning_Design_Workshop
Conole_Ascilite_Learning_Design_WorkshopConole_Ascilite_Learning_Design_Workshop
Conole_Ascilite_Learning_Design_Workshop
 
Embedding Educational Design Pattern Frameworks into Learning Management Systems
Embedding Educational Design Pattern Frameworks into Learning Management SystemsEmbedding Educational Design Pattern Frameworks into Learning Management Systems
Embedding Educational Design Pattern Frameworks into Learning Management Systems
 
E designtemplatedraft
E designtemplatedraftE designtemplatedraft
E designtemplatedraft
 
Cognitive Tools
Cognitive ToolsCognitive Tools
Cognitive Tools
 

Último

MS Copilot expands with MS Graph connectors
MS Copilot expands with MS Graph connectorsMS Copilot expands with MS Graph connectors
MS Copilot expands with MS Graph connectorsNanddeep Nachan
 
Apidays New York 2024 - Passkeys: Developing APIs to enable passwordless auth...
Apidays New York 2024 - Passkeys: Developing APIs to enable passwordless auth...Apidays New York 2024 - Passkeys: Developing APIs to enable passwordless auth...
Apidays New York 2024 - Passkeys: Developing APIs to enable passwordless auth...apidays
 
Exploring Multimodal Embeddings with Milvus
Exploring Multimodal Embeddings with MilvusExploring Multimodal Embeddings with Milvus
Exploring Multimodal Embeddings with MilvusZilliz
 
Rising Above_ Dubai Floods and the Fortitude of Dubai International Airport.pdf
Rising Above_ Dubai Floods and the Fortitude of Dubai International Airport.pdfRising Above_ Dubai Floods and the Fortitude of Dubai International Airport.pdf
Rising Above_ Dubai Floods and the Fortitude of Dubai International Airport.pdfOrbitshub
 
Web Form Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apri...
Web Form Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apri...Web Form Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apri...
Web Form Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apri...Jeffrey Haguewood
 
Artificial Intelligence Chap.5 : Uncertainty
Artificial Intelligence Chap.5 : UncertaintyArtificial Intelligence Chap.5 : Uncertainty
Artificial Intelligence Chap.5 : UncertaintyKhushali Kathiriya
 
Connector Corner: Accelerate revenue generation using UiPath API-centric busi...
Connector Corner: Accelerate revenue generation using UiPath API-centric busi...Connector Corner: Accelerate revenue generation using UiPath API-centric busi...
Connector Corner: Accelerate revenue generation using UiPath API-centric busi...DianaGray10
 
Corporate and higher education May webinar.pptx
Corporate and higher education May webinar.pptxCorporate and higher education May webinar.pptx
Corporate and higher education May webinar.pptxRustici Software
 
DBX First Quarter 2024 Investor Presentation
DBX First Quarter 2024 Investor PresentationDBX First Quarter 2024 Investor Presentation
DBX First Quarter 2024 Investor PresentationDropbox
 
Vector Search -An Introduction in Oracle Database 23ai.pptx
Vector Search -An Introduction in Oracle Database 23ai.pptxVector Search -An Introduction in Oracle Database 23ai.pptx
Vector Search -An Introduction in Oracle Database 23ai.pptxRemote DBA Services
 
Boost Fertility New Invention Ups Success Rates.pdf
Boost Fertility New Invention Ups Success Rates.pdfBoost Fertility New Invention Ups Success Rates.pdf
Boost Fertility New Invention Ups Success Rates.pdfsudhanshuwaghmare1
 
How to Troubleshoot Apps for the Modern Connected Worker
How to Troubleshoot Apps for the Modern Connected WorkerHow to Troubleshoot Apps for the Modern Connected Worker
How to Troubleshoot Apps for the Modern Connected WorkerThousandEyes
 
FWD Group - Insurer Innovation Award 2024
FWD Group - Insurer Innovation Award 2024FWD Group - Insurer Innovation Award 2024
FWD Group - Insurer Innovation Award 2024The Digital Insurer
 
Mcleodganj Call Girls 🥰 8617370543 Service Offer VIP Hot Model
Mcleodganj Call Girls 🥰 8617370543 Service Offer VIP Hot ModelMcleodganj Call Girls 🥰 8617370543 Service Offer VIP Hot Model
Mcleodganj Call Girls 🥰 8617370543 Service Offer VIP Hot ModelDeepika Singh
 
Biography Of Angeliki Cooney | Senior Vice President Life Sciences | Albany, ...
Biography Of Angeliki Cooney | Senior Vice President Life Sciences | Albany, ...Biography Of Angeliki Cooney | Senior Vice President Life Sciences | Albany, ...
Biography Of Angeliki Cooney | Senior Vice President Life Sciences | Albany, ...Angeliki Cooney
 
Platformless Horizons for Digital Adaptability
Platformless Horizons for Digital AdaptabilityPlatformless Horizons for Digital Adaptability
Platformless Horizons for Digital AdaptabilityWSO2
 
presentation ICT roal in 21st century education
presentation ICT roal in 21st century educationpresentation ICT roal in 21st century education
presentation ICT roal in 21st century educationjfdjdjcjdnsjd
 
Apidays New York 2024 - Scaling API-first by Ian Reasor and Radu Cotescu, Adobe
Apidays New York 2024 - Scaling API-first by Ian Reasor and Radu Cotescu, AdobeApidays New York 2024 - Scaling API-first by Ian Reasor and Radu Cotescu, Adobe
Apidays New York 2024 - Scaling API-first by Ian Reasor and Radu Cotescu, Adobeapidays
 
Apidays New York 2024 - Accelerating FinTech Innovation by Vasa Krishnan, Fin...
Apidays New York 2024 - Accelerating FinTech Innovation by Vasa Krishnan, Fin...Apidays New York 2024 - Accelerating FinTech Innovation by Vasa Krishnan, Fin...
Apidays New York 2024 - Accelerating FinTech Innovation by Vasa Krishnan, Fin...apidays
 

Último (20)

MS Copilot expands with MS Graph connectors
MS Copilot expands with MS Graph connectorsMS Copilot expands with MS Graph connectors
MS Copilot expands with MS Graph connectors
 
Apidays New York 2024 - Passkeys: Developing APIs to enable passwordless auth...
Apidays New York 2024 - Passkeys: Developing APIs to enable passwordless auth...Apidays New York 2024 - Passkeys: Developing APIs to enable passwordless auth...
Apidays New York 2024 - Passkeys: Developing APIs to enable passwordless auth...
 
Understanding the FAA Part 107 License ..
Understanding the FAA Part 107 License ..Understanding the FAA Part 107 License ..
Understanding the FAA Part 107 License ..
 
Exploring Multimodal Embeddings with Milvus
Exploring Multimodal Embeddings with MilvusExploring Multimodal Embeddings with Milvus
Exploring Multimodal Embeddings with Milvus
 
Rising Above_ Dubai Floods and the Fortitude of Dubai International Airport.pdf
Rising Above_ Dubai Floods and the Fortitude of Dubai International Airport.pdfRising Above_ Dubai Floods and the Fortitude of Dubai International Airport.pdf
Rising Above_ Dubai Floods and the Fortitude of Dubai International Airport.pdf
 
Web Form Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apri...
Web Form Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apri...Web Form Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apri...
Web Form Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apri...
 
Artificial Intelligence Chap.5 : Uncertainty
Artificial Intelligence Chap.5 : UncertaintyArtificial Intelligence Chap.5 : Uncertainty
Artificial Intelligence Chap.5 : Uncertainty
 
Connector Corner: Accelerate revenue generation using UiPath API-centric busi...
Connector Corner: Accelerate revenue generation using UiPath API-centric busi...Connector Corner: Accelerate revenue generation using UiPath API-centric busi...
Connector Corner: Accelerate revenue generation using UiPath API-centric busi...
 
Corporate and higher education May webinar.pptx
Corporate and higher education May webinar.pptxCorporate and higher education May webinar.pptx
Corporate and higher education May webinar.pptx
 
DBX First Quarter 2024 Investor Presentation
DBX First Quarter 2024 Investor PresentationDBX First Quarter 2024 Investor Presentation
DBX First Quarter 2024 Investor Presentation
 
Vector Search -An Introduction in Oracle Database 23ai.pptx
Vector Search -An Introduction in Oracle Database 23ai.pptxVector Search -An Introduction in Oracle Database 23ai.pptx
Vector Search -An Introduction in Oracle Database 23ai.pptx
 
Boost Fertility New Invention Ups Success Rates.pdf
Boost Fertility New Invention Ups Success Rates.pdfBoost Fertility New Invention Ups Success Rates.pdf
Boost Fertility New Invention Ups Success Rates.pdf
 
How to Troubleshoot Apps for the Modern Connected Worker
How to Troubleshoot Apps for the Modern Connected WorkerHow to Troubleshoot Apps for the Modern Connected Worker
How to Troubleshoot Apps for the Modern Connected Worker
 
FWD Group - Insurer Innovation Award 2024
FWD Group - Insurer Innovation Award 2024FWD Group - Insurer Innovation Award 2024
FWD Group - Insurer Innovation Award 2024
 
Mcleodganj Call Girls 🥰 8617370543 Service Offer VIP Hot Model
Mcleodganj Call Girls 🥰 8617370543 Service Offer VIP Hot ModelMcleodganj Call Girls 🥰 8617370543 Service Offer VIP Hot Model
Mcleodganj Call Girls 🥰 8617370543 Service Offer VIP Hot Model
 
Biography Of Angeliki Cooney | Senior Vice President Life Sciences | Albany, ...
Biography Of Angeliki Cooney | Senior Vice President Life Sciences | Albany, ...Biography Of Angeliki Cooney | Senior Vice President Life Sciences | Albany, ...
Biography Of Angeliki Cooney | Senior Vice President Life Sciences | Albany, ...
 
Platformless Horizons for Digital Adaptability
Platformless Horizons for Digital AdaptabilityPlatformless Horizons for Digital Adaptability
Platformless Horizons for Digital Adaptability
 
presentation ICT roal in 21st century education
presentation ICT roal in 21st century educationpresentation ICT roal in 21st century education
presentation ICT roal in 21st century education
 
Apidays New York 2024 - Scaling API-first by Ian Reasor and Radu Cotescu, Adobe
Apidays New York 2024 - Scaling API-first by Ian Reasor and Radu Cotescu, AdobeApidays New York 2024 - Scaling API-first by Ian Reasor and Radu Cotescu, Adobe
Apidays New York 2024 - Scaling API-first by Ian Reasor and Radu Cotescu, Adobe
 
Apidays New York 2024 - Accelerating FinTech Innovation by Vasa Krishnan, Fin...
Apidays New York 2024 - Accelerating FinTech Innovation by Vasa Krishnan, Fin...Apidays New York 2024 - Accelerating FinTech Innovation by Vasa Krishnan, Fin...
Apidays New York 2024 - Accelerating FinTech Innovation by Vasa Krishnan, Fin...
 

Cognitive learning efficiency through the use of design patterns in teaching

  • 1. Cognitive learning efficiency through the use of design patterns in teaching Gwendolyn Kolfschoten Stephan Lukosch Alexander Verbraeck Edwin Valentin Gert-Jan de Vreede
  • 2. Can we find evidence for the effect of design patterns in learning, beyond direct efficiency?
  • 3.
  • 4.
  • 5.
  • 6.