Theology professor William Kay charts the development of 20th Century Christianity, looking in particular at the growth in Pentecostalism. An mp3 of this lecture is available at http://glyndwruni.posterous.com

1. The Transformation of Christianity: an interpretation of the 20th Century An Inaugural Professorial Lecture Professor William K. Kay Catrin Finch Centre, Glyndŵr University, 11 Jan 2011 1

2. 1900 2000 Orthodox Syrian Orthodox, Russian Orthodox, Greek Orthodox... Roman Catholic Protestant Anglican, old Protestant (i.e. Congregational, Baptist, Presbyterian) and Independent (including classical Pentecostal and neo-Pentecostal)... Marginals 2 22

3. A statistical Comparison 3 33

4. 44 Liturgical Roman Catholic Greek Orthodox Protestant 4

5. Europe 1900 Main line Denomination Sundays Ordained clergy 5 5 Baptismal font: 65% of births baptised in CofE in 1902 Bishop Charles Gore

6. Europe 1900 Extempore Protestantism D L Moody and Ira Sankey, 1872-5 Salvation Army 6 6

7. The Welsh revival 1904 77 Evan Robert’s travelling evangelistic bands: 100,000 commitments to Christ Social impact - crime figures all over the Principality dropped. The meetings -informal, lengthy and spontaneous Any member of the congregation, including women or children, might suddenly lead the rest in prayer or start with the singing of a hymn. Roberts himself convened the meetings and presided over them [but was not ordained] 7

8. America & revival William Seymour 1906 Azusa Street mission broke the social mould –all races Extempore yet biblical teaching power and presence of the Holy Spirit in prophecy, speaking in tongues, miracles and healings Its own Newspaper- The Apostolic Faith spread the news -1912 8 8

10. Assumption: Christian West to the non-Christian East

11. Failure to see: the increasing flow of the Pentecostal movement and the impact of the two world wars9

12. World War 1 The moral authority of Christianity was enormously diminished The habit of churchgoing was disrupted by war. The political authority of Christianity was diminished. In defeat Germany lost its colonies and therefore its missionary work in Africa and elsewhere. Russia became Soviet Russia, the first state to be governed by militant atheists. 10 10

13. Europe: Communism 11 The Persecuted Church in the Communist bloc Destruction Imprisonment Gulags Yet Baptists, Pentecostals kept going! 11

14. Fascism The evils of communism on one side and fascism on the other seemed a pincer movement made in hell Fascism covered Spain, Italy and Germany and sought to incorporate the church into its ruling philosophy 12

15. Issues in the European church Mission slows down Anglican reform falters Ecumenism begins BUT the Revivalistic stream Pentecostalism grew  UK- George Jeffreys conducted his revival and divine healing crusades 13 13

16. Growth of pentecostalism Missionaries... European national leaders- T.B. Barrett, Lewi Pethrus, Karl Fix, G. Polman, Donald Gee American revivalism... Pentecostals went worldwide while building at home 14

17. 15# World War 2 Nazis attempted to control the church in Germany and use it to promote their racist message. The Confessing Church was formed to oppose this. Karl Barth from Switzerland castigated Lutheran surrender to Hitler’s demands Dietrich Bonhoeffer dies in a plot against Hitler. Some Pentecostal churches in Germany were small enough to be left alone. In Asia, you will recall The Bridge on the River Kwai and prisoner of war speaking the Lord’s Prayer before being shot. 15

18. 16# World War 2 In UK Archbishop William Temple acknowledged pacifism as a legitimate Christian witness. From the Vatican, Pope Pius XII always considered communism to be a greater threat than fascism and tried to resolve the threats to his flock by concordats with Hitler. Church attendance was again disrupted In Belgium and the Netherlands Nazi rule was imposed upon the population. In Soviet Russia the situation was dire Orthodox Church in 1943 -Stalin sought the Russian patriarch’s aid for morale. Others were persecuted. Normal church activity was hampered. Sunday school, evening services, no rallies. Churches were bombed out on both sides. 16

19. World War 2’s effects on Christianity Bombed out churches – to rebuild Humanitarian work of the Vatican and other Christian groups  respect 1948 World Council of Churches –ecumenism preferred NB First World Pentecostal Conference 1947 Zurich England: in 1944 Education Act insisted on the teaching of Christianity within all maintained schools as an antidote to fascist and Nazi values. Coventry Cathedral 17

21. LA  London  global

23. Transition: 1950s to 1960s 20 Conformist 1950s Nonconformist 1960s

24. The Charismatic Movement Religious experience prioritised (an outpouring of the Holy Spirit) Catholic Lay academics at Duquesne University 1967 The Second Vatican Council, 1962 David du Plessis Mainline Protestant affected Renewal, Restoration, Radical Christianity New Churches = ? neo-Pentecostal or neo-charismatic or ‘Third Wave’[1980s] though they prefer now ‘Apostolic’ [2000s] 21 21

25. Vatican 2 (1962-65) 22 The Church is much more than an organization: it is the organism of the Holy Spirit, something that is alive, that takes hold of our inmost being (2001) Joseph Ratzinger = the current Pope

26. The Charismatic Movement Women leaders Home groups Modernised worship 23 23

27. New Churches (1970s) The Network structures 24 Structure: Congregation[s] and their apostle, -global travel, networks management consultants, constructed networks of churches bonded with personal relationship Holy Spirit led by spiritual gifts - not committees or constitutions mega-networks or mini-networks and interaction between networks 24

28. Mega Churches Global scene – Korea – Latin America – Africa entire set of social and spiritual activities available website, multi-purpose building, specialist staff and, often, broadcasting capability. Dangers Permeated with culture musical directors, worship teams – pop concert?! Yet biblical exposition included 25 Yoido Pentecostal Church Seoul, S. Korea 25

29. 26 Mega Churches in Asia City Harvest church, Singapore Band, orchestras, big show style... 26

30. A statistical comparison 27

31. results Decline in Orthodoxy Protestant and Roman Catholic parity with world population Renewalists become the second largest group Moreover Renewalists cross boundaries between Protestant and Roman Catholic 28

32. Shift in Geographic Centre of Christianity 29 Examples of 1900s movement , and 2000s movement of ‘mission’ 29