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Kernel Pool

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[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Agenda ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object]
Introduction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Population People who write exploits People who write Windows overflows People who write Windows Kernel Pool Overflows
Other considerations ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Diversity increases QA costs dramatically
Addresses May Vary ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object]
Kernel Pool vs. Userland Heap ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Kernel Pool ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Pools Definitions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Non Paged Pool ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Paged Pool ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Session Paged Pool ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
nt!_POOL_DESCRIPTOR ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Pool Descriptor ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ListHeads 0 1 2 3 4 511 ... 8 bytes 24 bytes 24 bytes 32 bytes 24 bytes Each chunk of data is preceded by a 8 byte header structure
nt!_POOL_HEADER ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Chunk Header ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Free Chunk Header ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Lookaside Lists ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
nt!_GENERAL_LOOKASIDE ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
nt!MmNonPagedPoolFreeListHead ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object]
Allocation Summary ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Simplified Allocation Algorithm nt!ExAllocatePoolWithTag (1/2) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Simplified Allocation Algorithm nt!ExAllocatePoolWithTag (2/2) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Free Chunk Splitting ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Splitting Schema Free Chunk Free Chunk Free Chunk Free Chunk Free chunk at the beginning of a page, allocated chunk goes at the front Otherwise, allocated chunk goes at the end
Free Summary ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Simplified Free Algorithm nt!ExFreePoolWithTag (1/2) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Simplified Free Algorithm nt!ExFreePoolWithTag (2/2) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Merging Schema Free Chunk Busy Chunk Free Chunk Free Chunk Free Chunk Free Chunk Chunk being freed Merge #1 Merge #2
[object Object]
Pool BugChecks ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
BugCheck Example
Some BugCheck Conditions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Exploitable Overflows? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Kernel Pool Unlink ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Notations Our chunk Chunk we overflow Overflow Potential list entry depending on chunk type Kernel Pool Overflow Header Next Header List Entry
Different Write4 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Write4 on Merge with Next Case #1 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Exploit Case #1 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Write4 on Merge with Previous Case #2 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Exploit Case #2 (1/2) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Exploit Case #2 (2/2) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Header Next Header Header Overflow List Entry Overflow PreviousSize of next chunk Merge Next Header Fake Header
ListHeads Write4 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
ListHeads Illustrated (1/3) ListHeads[n] Flinks Free Chunk Free Chunk Free Chunk : Overflowed list entry Flink Blink Flink Blink Flink Blink Flink Blink
ListHeads Illustrated (1/3) ListHeads[n] Blinks Free Chunk Free Chunk Free Chunk : Overflowed list entry Flink Blink Flink Blink Flink Blink Flink Blink
ListHeads Illustrated (2/3) ListHeads[n] Free Chunk Free Chunk PLIST_ENTRY b,f; f=ListHeads[n]  Flink  Flink; b=ListHeads[n]  Flink  Blink; b  Flink=f; f  Blink=b; Allocation of size n unlinks ListHeads[n]  Flink Flink Blink Flink Blink Flink Blink
ListHeads Illustrated (3/3) ListHeads[n] Free Chunk PLIST_ENTRY b,f; f=ListHeads[n]  Flink  Flink; b=ListHeads[n]  Flink  Blink; b  Flink=f; f  Blink=b; ⇦ might AV Allocation of size n unlinks ListHeads[n]  Flink ListHeads[n]  Flink is now under our control! Flink Blink Flink Blink
MMFREE_POOL_ENTRY Write4 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
What? Where? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Some Ideas Non Exhaustive ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Write4 into the Kernel ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Edx points to something we control Jmp edx being 2 bytes long, we can pick the upper 2 so that the write4 doesn't trigger an access violation
Fixing the Kernel Pool ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object]
History ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
IGMPv3 Membership Queries RFC 3376 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Vulnerability ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],⇦ Failed!
Trigger ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Issues (1/2) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Issues (2/2) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Solutions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Dirty Way 256<(n%0x10000)*4+8<4080 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Why would it work? ... ... 0x14 byte buffers Kernel Pool is filled with n 0x14 byte buffers Buffer closest to our allocated buffer is the 1 st one to be copied and freed Requires a “carpet” of ~13000 contiguous 0x14 byte buffers (not too hard) Our buffer will be allocated before those (we pretty much exhausted all the free chunks) Overflow
Clean Way (0x10000-(n%0x10000))*4=8 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object]
Conclusion ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
NUMA ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Literature ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object]

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Kernel Pool

  • 1.
  • 2.
  • 3.
  • 4.
  • 5. Population People who write exploits People who write Windows overflows People who write Windows Kernel Pool Overflows
  • 6.
  • 7. Diversity increases QA costs dramatically
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11.
  • 12.
  • 13.
  • 14.
  • 15.
  • 16.
  • 17.
  • 18. ListHeads 0 1 2 3 4 511 ... 8 bytes 24 bytes 24 bytes 32 bytes 24 bytes Each chunk of data is preceded by a 8 byte header structure
  • 19.
  • 20.
  • 21.
  • 22.
  • 23.
  • 24.
  • 25.
  • 26.
  • 27.
  • 28.
  • 29.
  • 30. Splitting Schema Free Chunk Free Chunk Free Chunk Free Chunk Free chunk at the beginning of a page, allocated chunk goes at the front Otherwise, allocated chunk goes at the end
  • 31.
  • 32.
  • 33.
  • 34. Merging Schema Free Chunk Busy Chunk Free Chunk Free Chunk Free Chunk Free Chunk Chunk being freed Merge #1 Merge #2
  • 35.
  • 36.
  • 38.
  • 39.
  • 40.
  • 41. Notations Our chunk Chunk we overflow Overflow Potential list entry depending on chunk type Kernel Pool Overflow Header Next Header List Entry
  • 42.
  • 43.
  • 44.
  • 45.
  • 46.
  • 47.
  • 48.
  • 49. ListHeads Illustrated (1/3) ListHeads[n] Flinks Free Chunk Free Chunk Free Chunk : Overflowed list entry Flink Blink Flink Blink Flink Blink Flink Blink
  • 50. ListHeads Illustrated (1/3) ListHeads[n] Blinks Free Chunk Free Chunk Free Chunk : Overflowed list entry Flink Blink Flink Blink Flink Blink Flink Blink
  • 51. ListHeads Illustrated (2/3) ListHeads[n] Free Chunk Free Chunk PLIST_ENTRY b,f; f=ListHeads[n]  Flink  Flink; b=ListHeads[n]  Flink  Blink; b  Flink=f; f  Blink=b; Allocation of size n unlinks ListHeads[n]  Flink Flink Blink Flink Blink Flink Blink
  • 52. ListHeads Illustrated (3/3) ListHeads[n] Free Chunk PLIST_ENTRY b,f; f=ListHeads[n]  Flink  Flink; b=ListHeads[n]  Flink  Blink; b  Flink=f; f  Blink=b; ⇦ might AV Allocation of size n unlinks ListHeads[n]  Flink ListHeads[n]  Flink is now under our control! Flink Blink Flink Blink
  • 53.
  • 54.
  • 55.
  • 56.
  • 57.
  • 58.
  • 59.
  • 60.
  • 61.
  • 62.
  • 63.
  • 64.
  • 65.
  • 66.
  • 67. Why would it work? ... ... 0x14 byte buffers Kernel Pool is filled with n 0x14 byte buffers Buffer closest to our allocated buffer is the 1 st one to be copied and freed Requires a “carpet” of ~13000 contiguous 0x14 byte buffers (not too hard) Our buffer will be allocated before those (we pretty much exhausted all the free chunks) Overflow
  • 68.
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  • 70.
  • 71.
  • 72.
  • 73.