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1. (Part II)
 Additional material: Stair and Reynolds
2008-
Chapter 8 via e-reserve

System Planning and Development
Accounting System
Design and Development

2.  Traditional development life cycle
 Prototyping
 Joint application design
 Rapid application development
 CASE tools
 Object-oriented development

 Understand the concept of system
development methodologies
 Describe the advantages and disadvantages
of traditional system development,
prototyping, joint application design, rapid
application development, and end-user
development life cycles.
 Evaluate the alternatives to in-house system
development.


3.  May produce excessive documentation.
 Users are often unwilling or unable to study
the specifications they approve.
 Takes too long to go from the important
issues to a working system.
 Users have trouble describing requirements
for a proposed system.

 Forces staff to be systematic by going
through every step in a structured
process.
 Enforces quality by maintaining
standards.
 Has lower probability of missing
important issues in collecting user
requirement.


4. 
 An iterative approach to the systems
development process.
 Starts with only a general idea of user
requirements, and develops models of the
system ‘until it’s right’.
 During each iteration, requirements and
alternative solutions to the problem are
identified and analyzed.
 Users are encouraged to try the prototype
and provide feedback.


5.  Speeds up the development approach
 Gives the users the opportunity to clarify their
information requirements
 Useful in the development of decision
support systems and executive information
systems
 Work well for ill-defined problems
 Help clarify user requirements
 Promote close working relationship between
systems developers and users.

 A small scale working model of the entire
system.
 For example, sample report or output screen
 After the first preliminary model is refined,
the second, third models are introduced until
the complete system is developed.


6.  A group-based method for collecting user
requirements and creating staged designs.
 Process for data collection and requirements
analysis in which users, stakeholders, and IS
professionals work together to analyze
existing systems, propose possible solutions,
and define the requirements of a new or
modified system.
 A group normally require one or more top-
level executives who initiate the JAD process.

 Can result in an excess of iterations
 Time consuming
 If the process lacks of documentation, this
can leads to problems after the system
becomes operational and need maintenance.
 Not practical with large number of users.


7.  Easy for management to understand
 Greater support for, and acceptance of new
systems
 Saves time
 Produces higher quality systems
 Easier implementation
 Lower training costs

 All users jointly define and agree upon
systems requirements.
 Often uses group support systems (GSS)
software to foster positive group interaction.
 Often used within the system analysis and
system design stages of the SDLC.


8.  A systems development approach that employs
tools, techniques, and methodologies designed to
speed application development.
 A method that can combine JAD, prototyping, and
integrated CASE tools, to rapidly produce a high-
quality system.
 It is an iterative approach similar to prototyping,
which emphasizes on the speed of development.
 For example, IBM has a RAD tool called Rational
Rapid Developer, to make developing large Java
programs.

 Very difficult to get all users to JAD meetings.
 Potential to have dysfunctional groups.
 All the problems that may be caused by any
group process.


9.  System maybe built quickly, which may result
in lower quality.
 May result in systems with limited
functionality and adaptability for change

 Reduce paper-based documentation
 Source code are automatically generated
 Can create applications that are easier to
maintain and modify
 Speeds the development process
 Reduces development costs
 Active involvement of users in the
development process


10. What is Rapid Application Development
(RAD)? How does RAD differ and/or similar
from Prototyping?


11.  Factors that drive the trends toward increased
end-user computing and end-user
development
◦ More powerful, inexpensive desktop hardware
◦ Increasingly diverse software capabilities
◦ Increasingly computer literate population
◦ Apparent cost savings

 Any systems development project in which
the primary effort is undertaken by a
combination of business managers and users.
 Users perform ad hoc programming to solve
business problems.


12.  Creates lower-quality systems because an
amateur does the programming
 May eventually require consulting and
maintenance assistance from the IT
department
 System may not have adequate
documentation
 Poor quality control
 System may not have adequate interfaces to
existing systems.

 Directly meets user requirements
 Bypasses the information systems
department and avoids delays
 User controls the application and can change
it as needed
 Increased user acceptance of new system
 Frees up IT resources and may reduce
application development backlog


13.  Software obtained via subscription
 Software resides on ASP’s systems
 Software is accessed via Web or VPN
 Subscriber does not have to host software on
existing computer systems
 Updates and bug fixes are provided by the
ASP
 ASP can provide help-desk support

 Factors to consider during make-or-buy
decision
◦ On-time
◦ On-budget
◦ Full functionality
◦ User acceptance
◦ Favorable costs-to-benefits ratio
◦ Low maintenance
◦ Scalability
◦ Integration with other systems
◦ Minimal negative cross-impacts
◦ Reusability


14.  When organisations may not be able to
manage technology as well as firms that
specialise in managing IT
 When IT is not a core competency area
 When it is cheaper to outsource
 When organisations do not have skilled IT
staff that can keep technology up to date.

 An alternative to developing and installing
internal AIS is to outsource them.
 Under outsourcing, a company needing data
processing services hires an outside
organization to handle all or part its data
processing services.
 The degree to which a company
outsource may range from routine
assistance with a single application
to running the entire IT department.


15.  Technical
◦ Access to new information technologies
◦ Ability to achieve technological
improvement more easily
◦ Greater access to technical skills not
available internally
◦ Faster application development and
placement of IT application to service

 Financial
◦ Avoidance of heavy capital investment
◦ Improved cash flow and cost
accountability
◦ Improved cost benefits from economies of
scale and from sharing computer,
housing, hardware, software and
personnel
◦ Less need for expensive office space


16.  Quality
◦ Improve performance accountability
◦ Improve quality accreditation
 Flexibility
◦ Quick response to business demands
◦ Ability to handle IT peaks and valley more
effectively

 Management
◦ Concentrate on core business activity
◦ Improve company focus
◦ Elimination of need to recruit and retain
competent of IT staff

17.  Irreversibility of the outsourcing decision
 Possible breach of contract by the vendor or
its inability to deliver, loss of control over IT
decisions
 Loss of critical IT skills
 Vendor lock-in
 Some costs are hidden: vendor search and
contracting, transitioning fro in-house IT to a
vendor

 The company may lose control of
its information system and be exposed
to possible abuse.
 It could be difficult for a company to break its
contract, resulting in inflexibility.
 Over the long run, a company may
lose sight of its information needs
and how the system can provide it with
competitive advantage.


18.  Stair, R. and Reynolds G. (2008), Fundamentals of
Information Systems, 3rd Edition, Thompson, USA
 Benson, S. and Standing, C. (2008), Information
Systems: A Business Approach, 3rd Edition, John
Wiley & Sons, New York


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