1. The Influence of Racial and
Ethnic Prejudice in the
Sudanese/South Sudanese
Political Speeches on the
future of Sudan from(2004-
2011)
By : Hamida Ibrahim Mohammed

2. Ruth Wodak, CDA Course 2007 2
Ethnography of
Communication
(Hymes)
Ethnography of
Communication
(Hymes)
Grounded Theory
(Glaser / Strauss)
Grounded Theory
(Glaser / Strauss) Membership
Categorization
Device (Sacks)
Membership
Categorization
Device (Sacks)
Objektive
Hermeneutik
(Oevermann)
Objective
Hermeneutics
(Oevermann)
Narrative
Semiotik
(Greimas)
Narrative
Semiotics
(Greimas)
Differenztheoretische
Textanalyse (Titscher /
Meyer)
Distinction Theory
Text Analysis (Titscher /
Meyer)
SYMLOG (Bales /
Cohen)
SYMLOG (Bales /
Cohen)
Konversationsanalyse
(Sacks, Schegloff,
Jefferson)
Conversation analysis
(Sacks, Schegloff,
Jefferson)
InhaltsanalyseContent analysis
Funktionale Pragmatik
(Ehlich / Rehbein)
Functional Pragmatics
(Ehlich / Rehbein)
CDA nach FaircloughCDA ( Fairclough )
Diskurshistorische
Methode (Wodak)
Discourse historical
Method (Wodak)
Critical Discourse Analysis
(CDA)
Pragmatismus
(Dewey)
Pragmatism
(Dewey)
Phänomenologie
(Husserl)
Phenomenology
(Husserl)
Ludwig
Wittgenstein
Ludwig
Wittgenstein
Sprechakttheorie (Austin,
Searle, Wunderlich)
Speech Act Theory
(Austin,Searle, Wunderlich)
Semiotik
(Morris)
Semiotics
(Morris)
Systemische
Kommunikationstheorie
(Luhmann)
Systemic
Communication Theory
(Luhmann)
Organonmodell
der Sprache
(Bühler)
Organon model
of Language
(Bühler)
Prager Schule der
strukturalen Linguistik
(Jakobson)
Prague School of
Structural Linguistics
(Jakobson)
Cognitive Linguistics
(Shank, Abelson)
Cognitive Linguistics
(Shank, Abelson)
Functional Systemic
Linguistics (Halliday)
Functional Systemic
Linguistics (Halliday)
Russischer
Formalismus
(Todorov, Propp)
Russian
Formalism
(Todorov, Propp)
Strukturale
Linguistik
(Saussure)
Structural
Linguistics
(Saussure)
Kritische Theorie
(Adorno, Habermas,
Horkheimer)
Critical Theory
(Adorno, Habermas,
Horkheimer)
Phänomenologische
Soziologie (Schütz,
Thomas)
Phenomenological
Sociology (Schütz,
Thomas)
Georg SimmelGeorg Simmel
Social Anthropology
(Radcliffe-Brown, Evans-
Pritchard, Malinowski)
Social Anthropology
(Radcliffe-Brown, Evans-
Pritchard, Malinowski)
Symbolischer
Interaktionismus
(Mead, Blumer)
Symbolic
Interactionism
(Mead, Blumer)
Cultural Anthropology
(Boas, Benedict)
Cultural Anthropology
(Boas, Benedict)
Kultur-Strukturalismus
(Levi-Strauss, Mauss)
Cultural-Structuralism
(Levi-Strauss, Mauss)
Ethnomethodologie
(Garfinkel, Cicourel)
Ethnomethodology
(Garfinkel, Cicourel)
Feldtheorie (Lewin)Field theory (Lewin)
Technologisches
Kommunikations-
modell
(Shannon/Weaver)
Technological
Communication
Model
(Shannon/Weaver)
Theorie d.
Massen-
kommunikation
(Lasswell)
Theory of
Mass
Communication
(Lasswell)
Differenztheorie
(Spencer Brown)
Distinction theory
(Spencer Brown)
Michel FoucaultMichel Foucault
Psychoanalyse
(Freud)
Psychoanalysis
(Freud)
Hermeneutik
(Dilthey,
Gadamer)
Hermeneutics
(Dilthey,
Gadamer)

3. INVESTIGATING RACISM
• THE ‘OUTSIDE’ PERSPECTIVE
• Politics (speeches, petitions, proposals of legal acts, pres-
releases, parliamentary debates ..etc.)
• Media (texts from press, TV, radio, web)
• Legal acts (official and regional acts, etc.)
• Institutions (internal regulations, practical ‘gate-keeping’
guidelines, etc.)
• THE ‘INSIDE’ PERSPECTIVE
• Investigating discursive ‘accounts’ of those experiencing
discrimination and exclusion
• Gaining relevant knowledge about the many facets of racial
discrimination from the perspective of the marginalized and
vulnerable

4. TWO LEVELS OF RACISM
• the level of ideology and beliefs (about
groups, minorities, ‘Others’) – very often ‘imaginary racism’
without actual ‘races’ (stereotypes, prejudices) - ‘race’ is a
construct!
• the level of social practices (who is included? Who is
excluded?) – active practices of inclusion/exclusion; practices
of limited access to resources and rights (e.g. labour and
residence rights, language rights, etc.)

5. Statement of the Problem
• This study attempts to trace racism and ethnic prejudice in
the Sudanese and South Sudanese leaders different
speeches considering different audiences and occasions as
the top elites in their communities. The targeted period
(2005-2011) is thought to be the most suitable time, for
both partners to present their future plans towards ‘the
other’ into action. The analysis will be an attempt to
reveal the hidden ideologies of racism and ethnic
prejudice adopted by the elites of both sides represented
in the president the National Congress Party Omer El
Bashir and the leader of the Sudan People's Liberation
Army/Movement (SPLA/M) Salva Kiir Mayardet.

6. Statement of the Problem
• Racism and ethnic prejudice are serious problems in
the whole world that led and still leading to tensions
between ethnic and religious groups that resulted in
conflicts, wars and even genocides. In Sudan, a recent
political, social and economical change has been
resulted from the separation of the South. Racial and
ethnic prejudice seemed to be one of the most
significant reasons for the separation of the South in
2011. However, mistrust between the two Sudans
lingers, and unresolved disputes and related security
issues still threaten to pull the two countries back to
war .

7. Statement of the Problem
• (why) Since political elites have the most control over such
public discourse and communication, they also most
responsible for the cognitive or ideological reproduction of
racism. (van Dijk 1993)
• These hidden ideologies of racial prejudice are thought to be
resulted in political and social action: on one hand ,in the
Northern failure of offering a persuading discourse and
actions about an attracting unity to the South, and on the
other hand ,in the southern blatant racial presentation for
the separation as a convincing choice for the southerners .
Racial and ethnic prejudice is the one of the major keys in
understanding the nature of the North -South long history of

8. Statement of the Problem
• This study is focusing on the discursive reproduction
of racism to show that in spite of the carefully well-
prepared self-image as tolerant and leaders, the elites
are fundamentally a part of the problem of racial
prejudice(vanDijk 2000).
• The study formulates a plea that advocates a broader
use of discourse analysis in the political science to
show that problems in political science can in
principle be studied more completely and sometimes
more adequately when it is realized that the issues
have an important discursive dimension. (van Dijk
2001)

9. Questions of the research
1 – What influential role does elite discourse play in
the development, reinforcement, legitimating, and
hence reproduction of racial and ethnic prejudice
towards the other?
• 2- What are the social, political, and cultural
contexts and functions of such discourse ?
• 3- What are the structures and strategies of
discourse that tell us about under-lying ethnic or
racial prejudices that expressed by each leader ?

10. Methodology
• This study methodology is under the big
umbrella of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA)
which is one of the most popular
interdisciplinary approaches that investigates
discourse. CDA studies and analyses the written
and spoken texts, to reveal the discursive
sources of power, dominance, inequality and
bias. It examines how these discursive sources
are maintained and reproduced within specific
social, political and historical contexts.”(van Dijk
1998: 13 ).

11. Methodology (I) Discourse Historical
Approach
• DHA is a multimethodical, multitheoretical trend of analysing political
discourse, it works with different approaches on the basis of a variety of
empirical data as well as background information. ( Wodak 2001)
1.‘‘The approach is problem-oriented, not focused on specific linguistic items’
2. The approach is interdisciplinary on several levels: in theory, in the work itself, in
teams, and in practice’
3. The historical context is integrated into the interpretation of discourses
and texts’
4. ‘The theory as well as the methodology is eclectic; i.e., theories and methods are
integrated which are helpful in understanding and explaining the object under
investigation’.
5. ‘Multiple genres and multiple public spaces are studied, and intertextual and
interdiscursive relationships are investigated. Recontextualisation is the most
important process in connecting these genres as well as topics and arguments
(topoi)’.

12. Methodology (II) Rhetoric
• The second method is the rhetoric :
• A- The traditional rhetorical operations:
repetition, ‘irrelevant’ addition, deletion, semantic
operations.
• B- Rhetorical strategies which are:
• 1- Constructive strategies with subgroups( strategies of
justification and unification and cohesivation).
• 2- Strategies of transformation which address the
difference from an established status to another new one.
• 3- Strategies of perpetuation which presuppose and/or
emphasize positive political continuity (strategy of
avoidance is one sub-category of this category).
(Recento2003, Wodak 1999, Flowerdew2002)

13. Method
• The data which is the written or spoken texts of
the speeches of the two leaders will be collected
from different possible archives , since it will be
difficult to trace each single speech by the two
leaders, those speeches will be selected with
the consideration of different occasions and
audiences (contexts). Then they will be analyzed
using the methodologies mentioned above. The
selected speeches will be in the span of time
from 2004 when the first real initiative peace
agreement assigned until 2011 when the
referendum resulted in secession of the South.