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40220140502005
1.
International Journal of
Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 5, Issue 2, February (2014), pp. 51-59 © IAEME 51 A NEW CHAOTIC ATTRACTOR GENERATED FROM A 3-D AUTONOMOUS SYSTEM WITH ONE EQUILIBRIUM AND ITS FRACTIONAL ORDER FORM Kishore Bingi1 , Susy Thomas2 1 M.Tech Student, Electrical Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology, Calicut, Kerala, India 2 Professor & Head, Electrical Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology, Calicut, Kerala, India ABSTRACT In this paper, a novel three-dimensional autonomous chaotic system is proposed. The proposed system contains four variational parameters, a cubic nonlinearity term (i.e. product of all the three states) and exhibits a chaotic attractor in numerical simulations. The basic dynamic properties of the system are analyzed by means of equilibrium points, Eigen values and Lyapunov exponents. Finally, the commensurate and non-commensurate fractional order form of the system which exhibits chaotic attractor is also analyzed. Keywords: Chaos, Chaotic Systems, Chaotic Attractors, Commensurate Order System, Lyapunov Exponents, Non-Commensurate Order System. 1. INTRODUCTION Chaotic behavior of dynamic systems can be utilized in a variety of disciplines, such as algorithmic trading, biology, computer science, civil engineering, economics, finance, geology, mathematics, microbiology, meteorology, physics, philosophy, and robotics and so on. In 1918, G. Duffing introduced a duffing equation which can be extended to complex domain in order to study strange attractors and chaotic behavior of forced vibrations of industrial machinery [1]. In 1920, Van der Pol introduced a model known as VPO model to study oscillations in vacuum tube circuits. The Van der Pol oscillator (VPO) represents a nonlinear system with an interesting behavior that exhibits naturally in several applications, such as heartbeat, neurons, acoustic models etc. [2]. In 1925, Alfred J. Lotka and Vito Volterra proposed predator-prey equations to describe the dynamics of biological systems in which two species interact on each other, one is a predator and the other is its prey [3]. In INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (IJEET) ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print) ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 5, Issue 2, February (2014), pp. 51-59 © IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijeet.asp Journal Impact Factor (2014): 2.9312 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com IJEET © I A E M E
2.
International Journal of
Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 5, Issue 2, February (2014), pp. 51-59 © IAEME 52 1963, Lorenz found the chaotic attractor in a three-dimensional autonomous system while studying atmospheric convection [4]. In 1976, Otto Rossler proposed Rossler’s system with strange attractor which is useful in modeling equilibrium in chemical reactions [5]. In 1981, Newton and Liepnik obtained the set of differential equations from Euler rigid equations which are modified with the addition of a linear feedback. Two strange attractors starting from different initial conditions and same parameter conditions were obtained [6]. In 1985, the chaotic phenomenon in macroeconomics was found. The continuous economical system was described and analyzed by Ma and Chen in 2001 [7]. In 1988, the basic circuit unit of the Cellular Neural Network (CNN) was introduced by L.O.Chua which contains linear and non-linear elements. Such types of CNN are able to show chaotic behavior [8]. In 1999, Chen found a simple three-dimensional autonomous system, which is not topologically equivalent to Lorenz’s system and which has a chaotic attractor as well [9]. In 2005, Lu introduced a system which is known as a bridge between the Lorenz system and Chen’s system [10]. In 2010, a new system was introduced which contain two variational parameters and exhibits Lorenz like attractor [11]. In the same year a new type of four wing chaotic attractor was generated from a smooth canonical 3-D continuous system [12]. Motivated by such previous work, this paper introduces another simple three-dimensional autonomous system which contains four variational parameters and one cubic nonlinearity term which is a product of all the three states i.e. displacement, velocity and acceleration. Section 2 explains the basic definitions. In section 3 the new system is briefly introduced. In section 4 the dynamic behaviors of the proposed system are discussed. The fractional order form of the system is discussed in section 5. Finally, some concluding comments are given in section 6. 2. BASIC DEFINITIONS 2.1 CHAOS There is no universally accepted definition for chaos, but the following characteristics are nearly always displayed by the solution of chaotic system. 1. Aperiodic (non-periodic) behavior. 2. Bounded structure. 3. Sensitivity to initial conditions. 2.2 FRACTIONAL DERIVATIVE AND INTEGRAL The continuous integral-differential operator is defined as ( ) ∫ < = > = t a d dt d tf t D a 0, 0,1 0, )( αατ α α α α α (1) 2.3 GRUNWALD-LETNIKOV FRACTIONAL DERIVATIVE The Grunwald-Letnikov fractional order derivative definition of order α is defined as ( )∑ − = − − → = h at j jhtf j j h lt h tf t D a 0 )1( 1 0 )( α α α (2)
3.
International Journal of
Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 5, Issue 2, February (2014), pp. 51-59 © IAEME 53 For binomial coefficients calculation we can use the relation between Euler’s Gamma function, defined as )1()1( )1( +−Γ+Γ +Γ = jjj α αα for 1 0 = α ( )•Γ Is Euler’s Gamma function and ta, are the bounds of operation for ).(tfDta α 2.4 RIEMANN-LIOUVILLE FRACTIONAL DERIVATIVE The Riemann-Liouville fractional order derivative definition of order α is defined as ∫ +− −−Γ = t a nn n ta d t f dt d n tfD τ τ τ α α α 1 )( )( )( 1 )( (3) ( )•Γ Is Euler’s Gamma function and ta, are the bounds of operation for ).(tfDta α 2.5 STABILITY OF FRACTIONAL NONLINEAR SYSTEMS According to stability theorem, the fractional order system nqqq ≠≠≠ ........21 and suppose that m is the LCM of the denominators sui ' of sqi ' , where i i i u v q = , + ∈ Zuv ii , for ni ......,2,1= and we set m 1 =γ . The fractional order system is asymptotically stable if 2 )arg( π γλ > For all roots λ of the following equation [ ]( )( ) 0.......det 21 =nmqmqmq diag λλλ (4) 2.6 CONDITION FOR MINIMUM COMMENSURATE ORDER Suppose that the unstable Eigen values of scroll focus points are 2,12,12,1 βαλ j±= . The necessary condition to exhibit double scroll attractor of fractional order system is the Eigen values 2,1λ remaining in the unstable region. The condition for commensurate order is 2,1,tan 2 = > iaq i i α β π (5) This condition can be used to determine the minimum order for which a nonlinear system can generate a chaos. 3. THE PROPOSED 3-D DYNAMICAL SYSTEM Consider the following simple 3-D autonomous system: +−−−= = = dxyzcxbyazz zy yx & & & (6)
4.
International Journal of
Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 5, Issue 2, February (2014), pp. 51-59 © IAEME 54 Where 3 ],,[ Rzyx T ∈ the state vector, and dcba and,, are positive constant parameters of the system (6). In the following, some basic properties of system (6) are analyzed. 3.1 EQUILIBRIA The equilibria of system (6) can be found by solving the following algebraic equations: =+−−−= == == 0 0 0 dxyzcxbyazz zy yx & & & (7) From the first and second equations of (7), 0,0 == zy Substituting this into the third equation of (7), 0=x Therefore )0,0,0(O is the only equilibrium point of the system (6). 3.2 STABILITY AND EXISTANCE OF ATTRACTOR By linearzing the system (6), one obtains the Jacobian −−− = adxybdxzcdyz J 100 010 Therefore −−− = abc J O 100 010 )0,0,0( So, the Eigen values of the linearized system are obtained as follows: 00 23 =+++⇒=− cbaJI O λλλλ Case 1: If 1==== dcba the Eigen values are j±− ,1 , the critical case. Case 2: If 1,1 ===> dcba the equilibrium Ois stable, ensures that system (6) is not chaotic. Case 3: To ensure that system (6) is chaotic implying that the equilibriumO is saddle point, the condition on the positive constant parameters of system should be considered, i.e. 1,1.1,1 ≥≤< cba and =d any value. 4. DYNAMICAL BEHAVIOR OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM When 1,1.1,45.0 === cba and 1=d , the Eigen values of the linearized system are j1424.11514.0,7529.0 ±− . Therefore, based on the Eigen values we know that equilibrium O is a saddle point. In this section the fourth and fifth order Range-Kutta integration algorithm was performed to solve the differential equations. Setting the initial condition to ]1.01.01.0[ , the chaotic attractor is shown in figure 1.
5.
International Journal of
Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 5, Issue 2, February (2014), pp. 51-59 © IAEME 55 The Lyapunov spectrum of the system (6) versus time is shown in figure 2 with parameters 1,1.1,45.0 === cba and 1=d . When 1,1,15.0 === cba and 1=d , the chaotic attractor of the system (6) with initial condition ]1.01.01.0[ is shown in figure 3. Fig 1: Chaotic attractor the system (6) with parameters 1,1.1,45.0 === cba and 1=d , initial condition ]1.01.01.0[ Fig 2: Lyapunov spectrum of the system (6) with parameters 1,1.1,45.0 === cba and 1=d , initial condition ]1.01.01.0[ -2 0 2 -5 0 5 -5 0 5 X 3-D view Y Z -2 -1 0 1 2 -4 -2 0 2 4 Projection on X-Y plane X Y -4 -2 0 2 4 -5 0 5 Projection on Y-Z plane Y Z -2 -1 0 1 2 -5 0 5 Projection on X-Z plane X Z 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 -0.6 -0.5 -0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 0 0.1 Dynamics of Lyapunov exponents time Lyapunovexponents λ1 =0.0098045 λ2 =-0.11028 λ3 =-0.34549
6.
International Journal of
Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 5, Issue 2, February (2014), pp. 51-59 © IAEME 56 Fig 3: Chaotic attractor the system (6) with parameters 1,1,15.0 === cba and 1=d , initial condition ]1.01.01.0[ 5. FRACTIONAL ORDER FORM OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM The fractional order form of the system (6) is defined as follows +−−−= = = dxyzcxbyaz dt zd z dt yd y dt xd q q q q q q 3 3 2 2 1 1 (8) Where 21,qq and 3q are the derivative orders. For numerical simulation of the fractional order system (8), we have considered the two cases: first, commensurate order system and second, non-commensurate order system. Case 1: Commensurate order system From equation (5) the commensurate order of the system is given by 9161.0 1514.0 1424.1 tan 2 ≈ > aq π -5 0 5 -10 0 10 -50 0 50 X 3-D view Y Z -4 -2 0 2 4 -10 -5 0 5 10 Projection on X-Y plane X Y -10 -5 0 5 10 -50 0 50 Projection on Y-Z plane Y Z -4 -2 0 2 4 -50 0 50 Projection on X-Z plane X Z
7.
International Journal of
Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 5, Issue 2, February (2014), pp. 51-59 © IAEME 57 In figure 4 is depicted the chaotic attractor of the commensurate fractional order (8) with parameters 1,1,1.1,45.0 ==== dcba , derivative orders 97.0321 === qqq with initial condition ]1.01.01.0[ for simulation time sTsim 500= and step time 05.0=h . Case 2: Non-commensurate order system We consider non-commensurate order system with parameters 1,1,1.1,45.0 ==== dcba , derivative orders 100 98 98.0, 100 97 97.0 21 ==== qq and 100 99 99.03 ==q . Therefore 100 11 == m γ From equation (4) the characteristic equation of the linearized system is 011.145.0 97195294 =+++ λλλ The unstable roots are j014673.0001389.12,1 ±=λ , because ( ) 2 01465.0arg 2,1 π γλ <≈ In figure 5 is depicted the chaotic attractor of the non-commensurate fractional order (8) with parameters 1,1,1.1,45.0 ==== dcba , derivative orders 99.0,98.0,97.0 321 === qqq with initial condition ]1.01.01.0[ for simulation time sTsim 500= and step time 05.0=h . In figure 6 is depicted the chaotic attractor of the non-commensurate fractional order (8) with parameters 1,1,1.1,45.0 ==== dcba , derivative orders 3.1,0.1,5.1 321 === qqq with initial condition ]1.01.01.0[ for simulation time sTsim 500= and step time 05.0=h . Fig 4: Chaotic attractor of the commensurate fractional order (8) with parameters 1,1,1.1,45.0 ==== dcba , derivative orders 97.0321 === qqq with initial condition ]1.01.01.0[ -2 0 2 -2 0 2 -5 0 5 X 3-D view Y Z -2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2 Projection on X-Y plane X Y -2 -1 0 1 2 -4 -2 0 2 4 Projection on Y-Z plane Y Z -2 -1 0 1 2 -4 -2 0 2 4 Projection on X-Z plane X Z
8.
International Journal of
Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 5, Issue 2, February (2014), pp. 51-59 © IAEME 58 Fig 5: Chaotic attractor of the non-commensurate fractional order (8) with parameters 1,1,1.1,45.0 ==== dcba , derivative orders 99.0 3 ,98.0 2 ,97.0 1 === qqq with initial condition ]1.01.01.0[ Fig 6: Chaotic attractor of the non-commensurate fractional order (8) with parameters 1,1,1.1,45.0 ==== dcba , derivative orders 3.1 3 ,0.1 2 ,5.1 1 === qqq with initial condition ]1.01.01.0[ -2 0 2 -2 0 2 -5 0 5 X 3-D view Y Z -2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2 Projection on X-Y plane X Y -2 -1 0 1 2 -4 -2 0 2 4 Projection on Y-Z plane Y Z -2 -1 0 1 2 -4 -2 0 2 4 Projection on X-Z plane X Z -2 0 2 -2 0 2 -5 0 5 X 3-D view Y Z -2 -1 0 1 2 -2 -1 0 1 2 Projection on X-Y plane X Y -2 -1 0 1 2 -4 -2 0 2 4 Projection on Y-Z plane Y Z -2 -1 0 1 2 -4 -2 0 2 4 Projection on X-Z plane X Z
9.
International Journal of
Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 5, Issue 2, February (2014), pp. 51-59 © IAEME 59 6. CONCLUSION In this paper, a new novel three-dimensional chaotic system is proposed. The proposed system has only one equilibrium point for any arbitrary set of parameters and also some dynamic properties of the system have been investigated. The dynamics of the proposed system with commensurate and non-commensurate fractional order forms was studied based on stability theorems. On the other hand chaos control and synchronization of this system are interesting problems to be investigated and should also be considered in the future work. REFERENCES [1] Ivana Kovacic, Michael J. Brennan, “The Duffing equation-nonlinear oscillators and their behavior”, A John Wiley and sons, Ltd. Publications, 2011 [2] B. Van der Pol, “A theory of the amplitude of free and forced triode vibrations”, Radio Review, 1920, 701-710, 754-762. [3] Alfred J. Lotka, “Contribution to the Theory of Periodic Reactions”, J. Phys.Chem., 40, 1910, 271-274. [4] E.N. Lorenz, “Deterministic non periodic flow”, J. Atmos. Sci., 20, 1963, 130–141. [5] O.E. Rossler, “An equation for continuous chaos”, Physics Letters A, 57, 1976, 397-398 [6] Liepnik R. B. and Newton T. A., “Double strange attractors in rigid body motion with linear feedback control”, Physics Letters, 86, 1981, 63–67. [7] Ma J. H. and Chen Y. S., “Study for the bifurcation topological structure and the global complicated character of a kind of nonlinear finance system”, Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, 22, 2001, 1240–1251. [8] L.O. Chua and L. Yang, "Cellular Neural Networks: Theory," IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems, 35, 1988, 1257-1272. [9] G. Chen, T. Ueta. “Yet another chaotic attractor.” Int. J. Bifurcation and Chaos, 9, 1999, 1465-1466. [10] Deng W. H. and Li C. P., “Chaos synchronization of the fractional Lu system”, Physica A, 353, 2005, 61–72. [11] Ihsan P, Yilmaz U, “A chaotic attractor from General Lorenz system family and its electronic experimental implementation”, Turk J Elec Eng & Comp Sci, 18, 2010, 171-184. [12] Zenghui Wang, Guoyuan Qi, Yanxia Sun, Barend Jacobus van Wyk, “A new type of four- wing chaotic attractors in 3-D quadratic autonomous systems”, Nonlinear Dyn, 60, 2010, 443-457.
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