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Boost Fertility New Invention Ups Success Rates.pdf
Boost Fertility New Invention Ups Success Rates.pdf
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International Journal of
Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 5, Issue 3, March (2014), pp. 43-55 © IAEME 43 MULTI-OBJECTIVE ECONOMIC EMISSION LOAD DISPATCH WITH NONLINEAR FUEL COST AND NON-INFERIOR EMISSION LEVEL FUNCTIONS FOR A 57-BUS IEEE TEST CASE SYSTEM *Prof. Dr. S.K.DASH, **Prof. S.MOHANTY Department of Electrical Engineering Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering Gandhi Institute for Technological Advancement, Madanpur, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India-752054 ABSTRACT An ideal multi-objective optimization method for economic emission load dispatch (EELD) with non-linear fuel cost and emission level functions in power system operation is presented. In this paper, the problem treats economy, emission, and transmission line security as vital objectives. The load constraints and operating constraints are taken into account. Assuming goals for individual objective functions, the multi-objective problem is converted into a unique-objective optimization by the goal-attainment method, which is then taken care of by the simulated annealing (SA) technique. The solution can offer a best compromising solution in a sense close to the requirements of the system designer. Results for a 30-bus IEEE test case system and 57-bus IEEE test case system have been utilized to demonstrate the applicability and authenticity of the proposed method. INTRODUCTION Looking at the sophistication of the power utility sectors, basically for thermal power plants, the security measures for the power system as a whole are taken into account incorporating environmental effects out of generating units with economic aspects. The basic objective of economic emission and load dispatch[1-2] is to trace out the optimal power generated in fossil-based generating units by optimizing the fuel cost attaching a squared nonlinear dependence in the cost function and a non-smooth emission level function simultaneously, taking into account various inequality constraints. Zahavi and Eisenberg [3] presented a method to solve economic environmental power dispatch problem without exemplifying it. Similarly In goal programming [4], approach for EELD, the transmission loss and the line security measures were not taken into account. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY (IJEET) ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print) ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 5, Issue 3, March (2014), pp. 43-55 © IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijeet.asp Journal Impact Factor (2014): 6.8310 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com IJEET © I A E M E
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International Journal of
Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 5, Issue 3, March (2014), pp. 43-55 © IAEME 44 A better multi-objective optimization procedure based on probability security criteria to obtain a set of non-inferior solutions was presented in [5]. Nanda et al. [6] have formulated the EELD problem with line flow constraints and solved it through a classical technique, but the mathematical formulation of the security constrained problem would require a very large number of constraints to be considered. This classical technique introduced a preference index between the two objectives (economy and emission) in order to decide on an optimal solution, and this would result in complex problem formulation when the number of objective functions exceeds two. The major disadvantage of the aforesaid methods in solving the EELD problem is that it is insufficient for handling non-smooth fuel cost and emission level functions. In other words, it uses approximations to restrict severity of the problem. The insufficient accuracy induced by these approximations is not desirable. Simulated annealing (SA) can improve this undesirable characteristic by simulating the physical annealing process for the computation of the global or near-global optimum solutions for optimization problems. Amongst other applications, the SA technique has been successfully applied to economic dispatch [7] and hydrothermal scheduling [8]. As described in the synopsis above the EELD problem comprising the aforesaid objectives is converted into a single objective optimization problem using goal attainment (GA) method which is later on dealt by Simulated Annealing (SA) technique for seeking reasonably approximate global optimum solution in spite of presence of non-smooth unit characteristics. The algorithm developed has been implemented on 30-bus power system consisting of 5 thermal generators and 41 transmission lines. The experimental results are also presented. FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM The present formulation uses the Economic Emission Load Dispatch problem as a multi- objective optimization problem which is concerned with an attempt to optimize each objective simultaneously. Care is taken to see that the equality and inequality constraints of the system are satisfied. The following objectives and constraints are taken into consideration in the formulation of the Economic Emission Load Dispatch problem. OBJECTIVES Economy Consider a system having N buses and NL lines. Let the first NG buses have sources for power generation. Taking into account the valve-point effects [9], the fuel cost function of each generating unit is expressed as the sum of a quadratic and a squared sinusoidal function. Therefore, the total cost of generation C in terms of control variables PG’s is given by the following expression: )1(/$))((sin5.)( 1 min22 1 hPGPGeidcPGbPGaOCPGf NG i iiiiiiii∑= −××+++== where PGi is the real power output of an ith generator, NG is the number of generators, and ai, bi, ci, di, ei are fuel cost curve coefficients of an ith generator. Emission The power generating stations being the primary sources of nitrous oxides, they are strongly objected by the Environmental Protection Agency to reduce their emissions. In this study, nitrous oxide (NOx) emission is taken as the selected index from the viewpoint of environment conservation. The amount of emission from each generator is given as a function of its output [8], which is the sum
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International Journal of
Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 5, Issue 3, March (2014), pp. 43-55 © IAEME 45 of a quadratic and an exponential function in the present work. Therefore, the total emission level E from all the units in the system can be expressed as )2(/)exp(5.)( 1 2 2 hlbPGkPGPGOEPGf NG i iiiiiiii∑= +++== ηγβα where iiiii kandηγβα ,,, are emission curve coefficients of the ith generating unit. Line Security Security constraints involve critical lines for replacing huge no of transmission lines in the power system network that are of immense importance in deciding the optimal solutions for an electric power systems. The system designer interprets the transmission lines violating the equality and inequality constraints as critical lines. The security constraints of the system can give better prospects by optimizing the following objective function: )3()/)(()( 1 max 3 ∑= == k i j j LPGLSPGf where )(PGLj is the real power flow, max j L is the maximum limit of the real power flow of the jth line, and k is the number of monitored lines (critical lines). The line flow of the jth line is expressed in terms of the control variables PG’s by utilizing the Generalized Generation Distribution Factors(GGDF) [11], and is given below: )4()()( 1 ∑= = NG i ijij PGDPGF where jiD is the generalized generation distribution factor (GGDF) for line j due to generator i. Load Constraint The real power balance between generation and the load is maintained always thinking the load at any time to be constant: i.e )5( 1 LD NG i i PPPG +=∑= where DP is the total real power demand and LP is the total real power loss. The latter is represented as [10] )6()( 2 1 = ∑= NG i iiL PGAP where iA is the loss coefficient due to the generator i. The loss coefficient are evaluated from base load flow solution.
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International Journal of
Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 5, Issue 3, March (2014), pp. 43-55 © IAEME 46 Operating Constraints For achieving stable operation each generating unit is to be confined within its lower and upper real power limits. )7(maxmin iii PGPGPG ≤≤ where min iPG and max iPG are the minimum and maximum real power output of ith unit, respectively. THE GOAL-ATTAINMENT METHOD Multi-objective formulation index is dealt with a set of objectives f(x) = [f1(x), f2(x), ………, fn (x)].In this method the designer sets a vector of designed goals g =[g1,g2, ...,gn ]’ which form a powerful tool[13-15]that associates with aforesaid objectives. The level of attainment of the goals is controlled by a weight vector w = [w1,w2, ...,wn ]’. In this GA method of optimization, the aforesaid nonlinear problem is solved as under: Minimize )8(),( ∈Λ∈≥+Ω∈ ωλωλ xfgtosubjectx Where, x is a set of desired parameters which can be varied, λ is a scalar variable which introduces an element of slackness in to the system, Ω is a feasible-solution region that satisfies all the parametric constraints, and ∈Λ ={ ω ∈ n ℜ St. 01, 1 ∈≥=≥∈ ∑= and n i ii ωω } Figure 1 illustrates two-dimensional goal-attainment method. The multi-objective optimization is concerned with the generation and selection of non-inferior solution points [15] to characterize the objectives where an improvement in one objective necessitates a degradation in the others. Figure 1: Illustration of two-dimensional goal-attainment method
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International Journal of
Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 5, Issue 3, March (2014), pp. 43-55 © IAEME 47 By varying w over ∈Λ , the set of non-inferior solutions is generated. In the two dimensional representation of Figure 1, the set of non-inferior solutions lies on the curve AB. The weight vector w enables the designer to express a measure of the relative trade-offs between the objectives. Given the vectors w and g, the direction of the vector g + λ w is determined. A feasible point on this vector in function space which is closest to the origin is then searched. The first point 0λ at which g + λ w intersects the feasible region F in the function space would be the optimal non-inferior solution. During the optimization, λ is varied, which changes the size of the feasible region. The constraint boundaries converge to the unique solution point {f1o(x), f2o(x)}.For optimizing the value of λ the Simulated Annealing method is employed as under: Simulated Annealing Technique In this method[16-17] a candidate solution is generated which is accepted when it becomes a better solution to generate another candidate solution. If it is deteriorated solution, the solution will be accepted provided its probability of acceptance Pr(∆) given by equation (9) is greater than an arbitrarily generated number between 0 and 1 i.e Pr(∆) = [1/{1 + exp(∆/T)}] (9) where ∆ is the amount of deterioration between the new and the current solutions and T is the temperature at which the new solution is generated. In forming the new solution the current solution is perturbed [5] according to the Gaussian probability distribution function (GPDF). The mean of the GPDF is taken to be the current solution, and its standard deviation is given by the product of the temperature and a scaling factorδ . The value of δ is less than one, and together with the value of the temperature, it governs the size of the neighborhood space of the current solution and hence the amount of perturbation. The new solution is formed by adding the amount of perturbation to the current solution. In the next iteration the temperature is reduced according to a cooling schedule. The following geometric cooling schedule is adopted in the present work [17]: Tv= r(v-1) T0 (10) Where T0 and Tv are the initial temperature and the temperature at the vth iteration, respectively, and r is the temperature reduction factor. The solution process continues until the maximum number of iterations is reached or the optimum solution is found.
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International Journal of
Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 5, Issue 3, March (2014), pp. 43-55 © IAEME 48 FLOW CHART FOR Multi-Objective Economic Emission Load Dispatch With Nonlinear Fuel Cost and Non-Inferior Emission Level Functions FLOW CHART FOR Multi-objective Economic Emission Load Dispatch with Nonlinear Fuel Cost and non-inferior Emission Level Functions
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International Journal of
Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 5, Issue 3, March (2014), pp. 43-55 © IAEME 49 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS The algorithm developed in the previous section has been applied to a 30-bus test system. The system consists of 5 generators and 41 lines. The line data and the load data are given in the Appendix. Table 1 gives the real power operating limits whereas Tables 2 and 3 give the cost curve and emission curve coefficients of the five generators. The voltage at the five buses are kept fixed respectively, to the values 1.0634, 1.0482, 1.0354, 1.008 and 1.0631 p.u. respectively .The system load was taken on 100MVA base. In applying the developed algorithm for the test system, the appropriate values of the control parameters are set. These parameters are initial temperature T0, the scaling factor δ for GPDF, the temperature reduction factor r, maximum number of iterations VMAX, and the number of trials per iteration TMAX. In the present work T0, δ , VMAX, and TMAX were set, respectively, to the values of 50000, 0.02, 200, and 2000. As per the guideline [17], the value of r lies in the range from 0.80 to 0.99. SA with a slow cooling schedule usually has larger capacity to find the optimal solution than with a fast cooling schedule. Hence, for seeking the optimal solution the value of r is required to set close to 0.99 so that a slow cooling process is simulated. The appropriate setting of r was set by experimenting its value in the range from 0.95 to 0.99, and this value was found to be 0.98. The following different case studies were conducted to illustrate the performance of the proposed algorithm. The variations of cost and emission functions with the optimized real power generation for the five test case systems are illustrated in plot-1 and plot-2 respectively. Plots: Variation of cost function )(1 iPGf with iPG (plot-1)-IEEE-30BUS SYSTEM Variation of cost function )(1 iPGf with iPG (plot-2)-IEEE-57BUS SYSTEM
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International Journal of
Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 5, Issue 3, March (2014), pp. 43-55 © IAEME 50 Variation of emission level function )(2 iPGf with iPG (plot-4) Table 1 Operating limits (p.u.) of generators on100 MVA base(IEEE 30 BUS SYSTEM) Gen # i PGmini PGmaxi 1 0.5 3.00 2 0.2 1.25 3 0.3 1.75 4 0.1 4.75 5 0.4 11.50 Table 2 (IEEE-30 BUS SYSTEM) Cost curve coefficients of generators Gen # i ai bi ci di ei 1 0.0015 1.8000 40.0 200 0.035 2 0.0030 1.8000 60.0 140 0.040 3 0.0012 2.1000 100.0 160 0.038 4 0.0080 2.0000 25.0 100 0.042 5 0.0010 2.0000 120.0 180 0.037 Emission curve coefficients of generators Table 3 (IEEE 30 BUS SYSTEM) Cost curve coefficients of generators Gen # i iα iβ iγ iη ik 1 0.0015 1.8000 40.0 200 0.035 2 0.0030 1.8000 60.0 140 0.040 3 0.0012 2.1000 100.0 160 0.038 4 0.0080 2.0000 25.0 100 0.042 5 0.0010 2.0000 120.0 180 0.037
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International Journal of
Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 5, Issue 3, March (2014), pp. 43-55 © IAEME 51 Table 4 Operating limits (p.u.) of generators on100 MVA base (IEEE-57 BUS SYSTEM) Gen # i PGmini PGmaxi 1 0.5 3.00 2 0.2 1.25 3 0.3 1.75 4 0.1 4.75 5 0.4 11.50 6 7 0.5 0.3 19 30 Table 5 Cost curve coefficients of generators (IEEE-57 BUS SYSTEM) Gen # i ai bi ci di ei 1 0.0015 1.8000 40.0 200 0.035 2 0.0030 1.8000 60.0 140 0.040 3 0.0012 2.1000 100.0 160 0.038 4 0.0080 2.0000 25.0 100 0.042 5 6 7 0.0010 0.0020 0.0040 2.0000 1.9000 2.2000 40.0 120.0 35.0 180 160 190 0.037 0.038 0.035 Table 6 Cost curve coefficients of generators (IEEE-57 BUS SYSTEM) Gen # i iα iβ iγ iη ik 1 0.0015 1.8000 40.0 200 0.035 2 0.0030 1.8000 60.0 140 0.040 3 0.0012 2.1000 100.0 160 0.038 4 0.0080 2.0000 25.0 100 0.042 5 6 7 0.0010 0.0060 0.0050 2.0000 2.2000 2.3000 40.0 120.0 35.0 180 160 190 0.037 0.038 0.035 Case 1 A goal vector g = [g1, g2, g3]’ = [357.1, 228.05, 1.1503]was generated automatically using Step 1(iv) of the computational algorithm. Here, g1 is the generating cost objective being expressed in $/ h, g2 is the emission level objective being expressed in lb/ h, and g3 is the line security objective. The vector w = [w1, w2, w3]’= [0.3, 0.5, 0.5]’ that signifies the preference direction of the designer towards the goals was given by the designer. Case 2 A goal vector of g = [389, 251.06, 1.61]’ along with an identical weight vector as in case 1 is considered in this case. The goal values were assumed given by the Designer through his/ her experiences.
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International Journal of
Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 5, Issue 3, March (2014), pp. 43-55 © IAEME 52 The optimum generation schedule was determined for both cases and are presented in Table 4. The following three additional cases are also considered in the present study to observe the closeness of the value of a particular objective function towards its goal. Case 3 A goal vector of g = [399, 252, 1.90]’ along with a weight vector of w = [0.4, 0.3, 0.5]’ is considered. Case 4 In this case, a goal vector of g = [400, 257, 2.100]’ and a weight vector of w = [0.5, 0.4, 0.5]’ are considered. Case 5 This case considers a goal vector of g = [397, 227, 2.30]’ and a weight vector of w = [0.5, 0.5, 0.4]’ . Case 3, case 4, and case 5 were computed using the proposed algorithm with same control parameters as in the previous two cases. The optimum generation schedule and the values of objective functions for these three cases are presented in Table 4. The real power line flows in the critical lines chosen by the designer are almost reasonably approximate with real power line flow limits as described in table 5. Table 7 (IEEE 30 BUS SYSTEM) Goals Optimum Objectives (g1 in $1000/ h, generations (f1(PG) in $1000/ h, Case Weights g2 in lb 1000/ h) (p.u.) f2(PG) in lb 1000/ h) 1 w1 = 0.3 w2 = 0.5 w3 = 0.5 g1 = 0.357 g2 = 0.228 g3= 1.150 PG1 = 0.1359 PG2 = 0.2230 PG3 = 0.6481 PG4 = 3.0040 PG5 = 10.7518 f1(PG) = 0.3983 f2(PG) = 0.2585 f3(PG) = 2.0707 2 w1 = 0.3 w2 = 0.5 w3 = 0.5 g1 = 0.389 g2 = 0.251 g3= 1.610 PG1 = 0.1859 PG2 = 0.2730 PG3 = 0.6981 PG4 = 3.0540 PG5 = 10.8018 f1(PG) = 0.3990 f2(PG) = 0.2583 f3(PG) = 2.0707 w1 = 0.4 g1 = 0.3990 PG1 = 0.2359 f1(PG) = 0.3998 3 w2 = 0.3 g2 = 0.2580 PG2 = 0.3230 f2(PG) = 0.2581 w3 = 0.5 g3 = 1.9000 PG3 = 0.7481 PG4 = 3.1040 PG4 = 10.8518 f3(PG) = 2.0858 PG1 = 0.2859 w1 = 0.5 g1 = 0.400 PG2 = 0.3730 f1(PG) = 0.4005 4 w2 = 0.4 g2 = 0.257 PG3 = 0.7981 f2(PG) = 0.2579 w3 = 0.5 g3 = 2.100 PG4 = 3.1540 PG5 = 10.9018 f3(PG) = 2.2300 PG1 = 0.3359 w1 = 0.5 g1 = 0.397 PG2 = 0.4230 f1(PG) = 0.4013 5 w2 = 0.5 g2 = 0.227 PG3 = 0.8481 f2(PG) = 0.2577 w3 = 0.4 g3 = 2.300 PG4 = 3.2040 PG5 = 10.9518 f3(PG) = 2.3000
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International Journal of
Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 5, Issue 3, March (2014), pp. 43-55 © IAEME 53 Determined generation schedule and objectives Table 8 (IEEE-57 BUS SYSTEM) Case Weights Goals (g1 in $1000/ h, g2 in lb 1000/ h) Optimum generations (p.u.) Objectives (f1(PG) in $1000/ h, f2(PG) in lb 1000/ h) 1 w1 = 0.3 w2 = 0.5 w3 = 0.5 g1 = 0.357 g2 = 0.228 g3= 1.150 0.1080 0.2632 0.5393 1.0326 1.2738 1.9043 2.8382 f1(PG) = 4.3782 f2(PG) = 1.3911 f3(PG) = 20.0707 2 w1 = 0.3 w2 = 0.5 w3 = 0.5 g1 = 0.389 g2 = 0.251 g3= 1.610 0.1081 0.2633 0.5394 1.0326 1.2739 1.9044 2.8383 f1(PG) = 4.3698 f2(PG) = 1.3934 f3(PG) = 20.0705 3 w1 = 0.4 w2 = 0.3 w3 = 0.5 g1 = 0.3990 g2 = 0.2580 g3 = 1.9000 0.1081 0.2633 0.5394 1.0327 1.2739 1.9044 2.8383 f1(PG) = 4.3598 f2(PG) = 1.3957 f3(PG) = 20.0987 4 w1 = 0.5 w2 = 0.4 w3 = 0.5 g1 = 0.400 g2 = 0.257 g3 = 2.100 0.1082 0.2634 0.5395 1.0327 1.2740 1.9045 2.8384 f1(PG) = 4.3650 f2(PG) = 1.3979 f3(PG) = 23.3300 5 w1 = 0.5 w2 = 0.5 w3 = 0.4 g1 = 0.397 g2 = 0.227 g3 = 2.300 0.1082 0.2634 0.5395 1.0328 1.2740 1.9045 2.8384 f1(PG) = 4.3653 f2(PG) = 1.400 f3(PG) = 23.330 The algorithm has been implemented in the above method using MATLAB programming language and the software system are run on a 2.53GHz computers.
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International Journal of
Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 5, Issue 3, March (2014), pp. 43-55 © IAEME 54 CONCLUSION The simulated annealing method along with goal attainment method was used to solve the aforesaid EELD problem with non-linear cost and emission functions characteristics in function space. Specifically the squared value of sine term attached to the cost function minimizes the generation cost as depicted by the result analysis through table 1-5. An advantage of the proposed method is that it does not impose any convexity restrictions on the generating unit characteristics. In addition, it also allows the Designer to decide on different preferences for the objectives toward the goals according to the system operating conditions, thus resulting in a more flexible operation on generating units. The only demerit of the proposed method is longer execution time that has been improved by further developing the GA & SA algorithms [18-19] as demonstrated in this paper for IEEE-57 & 30 bus test systems and using advanced processors for computation purpose. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors are owed to the authorities of GITA, Bhubaneswar, for extending technical support for the aforesaid work. REFERENCES [1] ELGERD, O.I.: 'Electric energy systems theory' (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1971) [2] HAPP, H.H.: 'Optimal power dispatch — a comprehensive survey',IEEE Trans., 1977, PAS- 96, pp. 841-854 [3] Zahavi, J., and Eisenberg, L., 1975, “Economic Emission Load Dispatch,” IEEE Trans., Vol. SMC-5, pp. 485–489. [4] Nanda, J., Kothari, D. P., and Lingamurthy, K. S., 1998, “Economic Emission Load Dispatch through Goal Programming Technique,” IEEE Trans. on Energy Conversion., Vol. 3, pp. 26– 32. [5] Yokoyama, R., Bae, S. H., Morita, T., and Sasaki, H., 1988, “Multi-Objective Optimal Generation Dispatch based on Probability Security Criteria,” IEEE Trans., Vol. PWRS-3, pp. 317–324. [6] Nanda, J., Lakshman, H., and Kothari, M. L., 1994, “Economic Emission Load Dispatch with Line Flow Constraints using a Classical Technique,” IEE Proc.-Generation Transmission and Distribution, Vol. 141, pp. 1–10. [7] Wong, K. P., and Fung, C. C., 1993, “Simulated Annealing based Economic Dispatch Algorithm,” IEE Proc.-Generation Transmission and Distribution, Vol. 140, pp. 509– 515. [8] Wong, K. P., and Wong, Y. W., 1994, “Short-Term Hydrothermal Scheduling Part I: Simulated Annealing Approach,” IEE Proc.-Generation Transmission and Distribution, Vol. 141, pp. 497–501. [9] Yang, H. T., Yang, P. C., and Huang, C. L., 1996, “Evolutionary Programming based Economic Dispatch for Units with Non-Smooth Fuel Coast Functions,” IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, Vol. 11, pp. 112–118. [10] Gent, M. R., and Lamont, J. W., 1971, “Minimum Emission Dispatch,” IEEE Trans., Vol. PAS-90, pp. 2650–2660. [11] Ng, W. Y., 1981, “Generalized Generation Distribution Factors for Power System Security Evaluations,” IEEE Trans., Vol. PAS-100, pp. 1001–1005. [12] Nanda, J., Bijwe, P. R., 1977, “A Novel Approach for Generation of Transmission Loss Formula Coe cients,” IEEE PES, Summer Meeting, Paper A77-599-4.
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Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET), ISSN 0976 – 6545(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6553(Online) Volume 5, Issue 3, March (2014), pp. 43-55 © IAEME 55 [13] Gembicki, F. W., and Haimes, Y. Y., 1975, “Approach to Performance and Sensitivity Multi- objective Optimization: The Goal Attainment Method,” IEEE Trans., Vol. AC20, pp. 769–771. [14] Chankong, V., and Haimes, Y. Y., 1983, Multi-objective Decision Making: Theory and Methodology, New York, North-Holland. [15] Chu, K. C., 1970, “On the Non-inferior Set for the Systems with Vector Valued Objective Functions,” IEEE Trans., Vol. AC-15, pp. 591–593. [16] Aarts, E., and Korst, J. M., 1989, Simulated Annealing and Boltzmann Machines: A Stochastic Approach to Combinatorial Optimization and Neural Computing, New York, John Wiley. [17] Kirkparick, S., Gelatt, C. D., Jr., and Vecchi, M. P., 1983, “Optimization by Simulated Annealing,” Science, Vol. 220, pp. 671–680. [18] K.Vinod Kumar, G.Lakshmi Phani, “Combined Economic Emission Dispatch- Pareto optimal Front Approach”, International Journal of Computer Applications (0975 – 8887), Volume 30– No.12, September 2011. [19] Y.Rajendra Babu, Dr.M.Venugopal Rao, “Application of Genetic Algorithm For Optimal Load Dispatch With Non Smooth Cost Equations (CCPP)”, International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) Vol. 1, Issue 9, November- 2012, ISSN: 2278-0181. [20] Bharathkumar S, Arul Vineeth A D, Ashokkumar K and Vijay Anand K, “Multi Objective Economic Load Dispatch using Hybrid Fuzzy, Bacterial Foraging-Nelder–Mead Algorithm”, International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology (IJEET), Volume 4, Issue 3, 2013, pp. 43 - 52, ISSN Print : 0976-6545, ISSN Online: 0976-6553. [21] Mr.Vijay Kumar, Dr.Jagdev Singh, Dr.Yaduvir Singh and Dr.Sanjay Sood, “Design & Development of Genetic Algorithms for Economic Load Dispatch of Thermal Generating Units”, International Journal of Computer Engineering & Technology (IJCET), Volume 3, Issue 1, 2012, pp. 59 - 75, ISSN Print: 0976 – 6367, ISSN Online: 0976 – 6375. [22] S. R. Vyas and Dr. Rajeev Gupta, “Reduction in CO2 Emission from Thermal Power Plant by using Load Dispatch Schedule”, International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology (IJEET), Volume 4, Issue 5, 2013, pp. 126 - 129, ISSN Print : 0976-6545, ISSN Online: 0976-6553. [23] Sanjay Mathur, Shyam K. Joshi and G.K. Joshi, “Development of Controller for Economic Load Dispatch by Generating Units Under Varying Load Demands”, International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology (IJEET), Volume 4, Issue 4, 2013, pp. 159 - 171, ISSN Print : 0976-6545, ISSN Online: 0976-6553.
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