1. B. P. Pattanaik1*, M. K. Mohanty2, B. K. Nanda1, S. K. Nayak1, R. Panua3, P. K. Bose3
1School
of Mechanical Engineering, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha
2College of Agriculture Engineering & Technology, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, Odisha
3Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Agartala, Tripura
Presented at the 4th International Conference on “Advances in Energy Research (ICAER-2013)”
10 – 12 December 2013 , IIT Bombay
2. OBJECTIVES
Development of Karanja biodiesel from neat Karanja oil
by base catalyzed transesterification method
Characterization of fuel properties of Karanja oil, Karanja
biodiesel and comparison with diesel
Preparation of test fuels in the form of biodiesel blends
Application of the test fuels to a single cylinder low
compression ratio diesel engine
Estimation of various engine performance and emission
parameters for various test fuels and comparison of those
with that of diesel fuel
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3. INTRODUCTION
Why Alternative Energy?
Limited stock of present fossil fuel reserves which will
last for few more years to come
Increasing rate of air-pollution from automobiles using
petroleum based fuels
Alarming increase in Green House Gases in the
atmosphere
Reducing health standards due to excessive automobile
pollution
Continuous hike in crude petroleum prices
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4. Causes for Promotion of Biofuels
Contribution to the Energy Security Policy
Environmental Concerns
Foreign Exchange Savings
Socio-Economic Issues Related to Rural Sector
Greater Use of Renewable Energy
Less Green House Gas Emissions
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5. Biodiesel as a Renewable Fuel
Biodiesel is a chemically derived fuel comprised of
Mono-alkyl ester / Methyl ester of long chain fatty acids
of the triglycerides present in the straight vegetable oil
(SVO) / animal fat obtained during the transesterification
Process.
It possesses almost similar fuel properties as mineral
diesel
Completely bio-degradable and non-toxic
Requires no engine modifications when used in engines
Produces less green house gas emissions as compared to
diesel
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6. Karanja as a potential source for
biodiesel production
Suitable climatic and soil conditions for Karanja
plantation in the Indian context
Can grow in unused and infertile lands
Higher oil content in the harvested seeds
Completely non-edible vegetable oil
Higher conversion yield potential for biodiesel production
Low cost biodiesel production
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14. Process Parameters used during Transesterification
Sl No.
Process parameters
Description
1
Process selected
Alkali catalyzed transesterification
2
Reaction temperature
55 – 60 oC
3
Sample oil used
1250 ml of neat Karanja oil
4
Methanol used
200 ml / kg of oil
5
Catalyst used (KOH)
0.5 – 1 % per kg of oil
6
Reaction time
1.5 hours
7
Settling time
8 – 10 hours
8
Water washing
8 – 24 hours
9
Stirring speed
550 – 700 rpm
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21. Characterization of Fuel Properties
Properties
Karanja oil
Karanja biodiesel
Diesel
ASTM Methods
Density at 25oC (kg/m3)
910
880
860
D 1298
Kinematic Viscosity at
40oC (cSt.)
34.78
6.5
2.56
D 445
Acid value (mg KOH/g) 30.8
1.12
-
D 664
FFA (mg KOH/g)
15.4
0.56
-
D 664
Calorific value (MJ/kg) 36.4
40.2
44.2
D 240
Cetane number
32.22
56.64
47
D 613
Flash point (oC)
219
124
76
D 93
Fire point (oC)
228
146
78
D 93
Cloud point (oC)
9
5
-10
D 2500
Pour point (oC)
3
-2
-18
D 97
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35. CONCLUSIONS
The BTE was found to be increasing and the BSEC found to be
decreasing with increase in engine power output. The BTE was
highest for diesel and the BSEC was highest for Karanja
biodiesel at all loads.
The CO and HC emission decrease initially at lower loads and
then increases when the load is increased above 50%. The CO
and HC emissions were also found to be higher for diesel.
The CO2 emission in g/kWh decreases with increase in engine
power and the smoke emission increases with engine power
and load. Smoke emission was higher in case of B50 and B100.
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36. Continued….
The EGT increases with increase in engine power and NOx
emission in g/kWh was found to be decreasing with increase in
engine power and load. Both EGT and NOx emission were
higher for Karanja biodiesel.
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37. FUTURE SCOPE
Biodiesel being more viscous than diesel may require frequent
cleaning of engine components. Use of preheated biodiesel
blends in engines may be studied.
Biodiesel if used for longer time in engines causes corrosive
effects. Studies on engine wear and corrosion due to the use of
biodiesel must be carried out.
Biodiesel combustion causes higher combustion and exhaust
temperatures. Studies must be carried out for suitable engine
modifications resulting in low temperatute biodiesel
combustion.
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38. Continued….
Higher NOx emission due to biodiesel combustion is a great
matter of environmental concern. Investigation must be
undertaken for reduction of the same using newer methods like
exhaust gas recirculation.
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39. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are extremely thankful to the Department of
Mechanical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata
and the College of Agriculture Engineering & Technology,
OUAT, Bhubaneswar, Odisha for providing laboratory
facilities for conduct of the experiments.
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