1. ROMANIAN EXPERIENCE
REGARDING NUTRIENTS
MANAGEMENT IN DANUBE
AND BLACK SEA BASIN
Prof.Dr. Mihail DUMITRU
National Research Institute for Soil
Science, Agricultural Chemistry and
Environment Protection
Bucharest, Romania

2. Romania – Area, Population and GDP
in 2000 compared with CC-12 and EU

3. The Role of the Agricultural Sector in
Romania

4. Structure of farms depicted in terms
of number of farms and of
area cultivated by farm size

5. Crop Area in Romania

6. Since the total cereals area has been relatively stable over
the last ecade, output has varied more according to the yield
level, which has fluctuated quite markedly. Average cereal
yields increased up to 3.5 t/ha in 1997, but then fell to only
1.86 t/ha in 2000. In line with these yield variations, cereal
production in Romania has been as high as 22 million t in
1997, and as low as 10 million t in 2000, a quite dramatic
variation in output.

7. Cereal Yields in Romania relative to
the EU-15

8. Cereal Yields in Romania relative to
the EU-15

9. Average yeeld per hectare with main crops
Year Maize Winter
wheat
Barley Sunflower Sugar
beet
Potatoes
1980 3210 2781 2902 1577 22284 13412
1985 3846 2337 2591 1494 22301 20351
1986 3811 2497 3265 1872 20143 15603
1987 2699 2798 3605 1573 20065 12958
1988 2781 3275 4191 1513 19616 10973
1989 2472 3364 4475 1512 26465 11395
1990 2756 3213 3577 1409 20149 10964
Average 3082 2937 3515 1564 21574 13665
1991 4072 2507 2899 1281 23330 7923
1992 2046 2188 2670 1257 16098 11871
1993 2605 2321 2437 1180 18276 14818
1994 3131 2535 2718 1309 21264 11766
1995 3184 3082 3122 1304 19928 12317
1996 2926 1760 2149 1193 20960 13949
1997 4171 2964 3056 1095 21166 12531
1998 2756 2561 2394 1085 20045 12642
1999 3627 2776 2451 1063 21608 14434
2000 1603 2280 2105 821 13787 12249
Average 3011 2495 2595 1158 19646 11194
+/-% -2,4 -15,0 -26,2 -26,0 -10,0 -18,1

10. Utilization of mineral fertilizers in romanian agriculture
year Mineral fertilizers used
(tones active substance)
N + P2O5 + K2O
(kg/ha)
N P2O5 K2O Total Arabil Agricol
1986 706934 387375 200990 1295299 129,9 86,4
1990 656094 313108 133873 1103075 117,0 74,8
1995 305800 149600 14700 470100 49,7 31,8
1996 268000 153000 14000 435000 46,6 29,4
1997 262000 129000 13000 404000 43,3 27,3
1998 254000 114000 15000 383000 41,0 25,9
1999 225000 93000 13000 331000 35,4 22,5
2000 239300 88300 14600 342200 36,5 23,0
2001 260000 100000 40000 400000 42,5 26,9
2002 222000 138000 50000 410000 43,6 27,6
1) recorded on Ministry of Agriculture, Forest, Water and Environment

11. The total natural fertilizers applied between 1996-2000 1
Year Total fertilizers Applied area Applied Average / ha
area
compared
with the
total
cultivated
area
To applied
area
To agricultural
area
t % ha % % Kg/ha % Kg/ha %
1996 17.870.978 100 701.395 100 7,09 25.479 100 1212 100
1997 16.513.098 92 682.239 97 7,09 24.204 95 1120 94
1998 15.841.903 29 665.026 95 6,90 23.821 93 1074 89
1999 16.685.312 93 680.016 97 6,90 24.537 96 1129 93
2000 15.812.625 88 674.200 96 6,80 23.454 92 1068 88
1) Datas from National Institute for Statistics, 2001-

12. Consumption of chemical fertilizers (milion tons) in
West Europe and Eastern Europe and former Soviet Uniona
Region 1960/61 1987/88 1999/00
N 3,35 11,37 10,21
P2O5 3,87 5,25 3,54
K2O 3,74 5,75 3,94
West Europe
Total 10,96 22,37 17,69
N 0,76 4,30 2,02
P2O5 0,64 2,59 0,54
K2O 0,66 2,63 0,60
Central and
Eastern Europe
Total 2,06 9,52 3,16
N 0,77 11,78 2,42
P2O5 1,09 8,56 0,47
K2O 0,77 7,05 0,84
Former Soviet
Union
Total 2,63 27,39 3,73
N 1,53 16,08 4,44
P2O5 1,73 11,15 1,01
K2O 1,43 9,68 1,44
Total (CEE +
FSU)
Total 4,69 36,91 6,89

13. Evolution of soil characteristics between 1990-2000
Nutrient content 1990
area (ha)
2000
area (ha) %
Low and very low
content of Humus
4.876.000 7.485.000 35
3.448.000 5.110.000 35
Low content of
Nitrogen
4.473.000 6.330.000 29
Low and very low
content of
mobile phosphorous
498.000 785.000 37
Soil reaction 1990
area (ha)
2000
area (ha) %
Moderate and strongly
acide soils
2.369.000 3.424.000 31

14. Yield (t/ha) of cereals, potatoes and sugar beet in West Europe
and Central and Eastern Euripe, in 1993-1995; comparisons
between the first five countries with the highest agricultural land
area
Region Country Cereals Potatoes Sugar beet
France 6.51 34.19 68.29
Spain 2.26 19.15 46.92
Germany 6.65 34.06 50.93
Great Britain 6.65 40.12 49.50
Italy 4.70 23.12 43.36
Countries in
West Europe
Average 5.20 30.13 51.80
Poland 2.75 16.85 34.31
Romania 2.83 12.94 21.74
Hungary 3.72 14.12 29.56
Bulgaria 2.79 9.77 13.74
Yugoslavia 3.32 7.17 29.83
Countries in
Central and
Eastern Europe
Average 3.08 12.17 25.84

15. Evolution of agricultural contribution in the gross domestic product,
total investments in agriculture from national economy, and total
expenditure from budget
Year 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998
Agricultural
contribution to gross
domestic product %
18.56 20.58 19.40 19.33 18.78 17.63 14.23
Investments in
agriculture from
National Economy %
10.19 6.60 18.74 10.73 11.23 6.25 6.47
Total expediture from
state budget %
19.39 12.51 12.14 12.69 13.03 8.22 8.66

16. Limitative factors of agricultural land productive capacity
(December 31)
Limitative factors Affected area (thousand
hectares)
1. Frequent draught, of which:
- equipped with irrigation schemes
7,100
3,211
2. Frequent water excess, of which:
- equipped with drainage sysems
3,781
3,196
3. Water soil erosion, of which:
- soil erosion control
6,300
2,274
4. Landslides 702
5. Wind soil erosion 378
6. Excesive coarse fragments in topsoil 300
7. Soil salinization 614
8. Soil compaction due to inadequate tillage,
“plowpan”
6,500
9. Natural soil compaction 2,060
10. Crusting and sealing 2,300
11. Strong and moderate acidity 3,437
12. High alkalinity 222
13. Low and very low humus content 8,620
14. Low and very low available phosphorus
6,258
content
15. Low available potassium content 781
16. Low nitrogen supply 5,088
17. Micro-nutrient (Zn) deficiency 1,500
18. Soil chemical pollution 900
19. Soil pollution with oil and brine 50
20. Pollution with air-born substances 147

17. Self-sufficiency in Crop Production (%)

19. LIVESTOCK

20. TAURINE PORCINE OVINE
1990 2001 1990 2001 1990 2001
efective din care
matca
efective din care
matca
efective din care
matca
efective din care
matca
efective din care
matca
efective din care
matca
5380700 2122500 2535498 1564165 12003400 951400 3974885 282205 14061900 9050100 7070893 5268162
SITUATIA COMPARATIVA A EFECTIVELOR DE TAURINE, PORCINE SI OVINE
2122500
5380700
1564165
2535498
951400
1990-2001
12003400
282205
3974885
9050100
14061900
5268162
7070893
25000000
20000000
15000000
10000000
5000000
0
1990 2001 1990 2001 1990 2001
matca
efective
TAURINE PORCINE OVINE

21. Self-sufficiency in Animal Production
in %

22. Average Price Gaps between Romania
and the EU-15 for Livestock Products

23. Development of Agricultural Production
(1995=100 %) and Share of Crop and
Livestock Production (1988 -2001)

24. In 2002 under current policy conditions an average 20 hectare
farm provides income at the level of an annual gross average wage
in the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovenia, and also more
or less so in Slovakia. Low income in the rest of the economy in
Bulgaria and Romania means that a 20 hectare farm would
produce 2 to 3 times more income than an average employment
outside agriculture, despite comparably low income levels per
hectare of land.

25. Relative income* of a 20 ha farm in 2002 and 2007
(Gross Value Added / Gross average annual wage)

28. Average consumptions (exports) of soil nutrients to produce yields
(kg of nutritive elements/ton of main yield and the quantity
corresponding to the secondary yield)

29. - Daily and annual production of nutritive elements in
dejecta of animal raised in an intensive system

30. Land area (ha) needed for an animal raised in an
intensive system or proprietor's system

31. Potential vulnerable zones to nitrate pollution

32. List of sites having a nitrate import – export value over the
threshold

33. Potential vulnerable zones to nitrate pollution +
Sources exceeding threshold