8. CLEAR WRITING
Break up long documents with
headings ……
In Papers the headings are dictated by the
IMRAD structure –
Introduction
Methods
Results
and
Discussion
9. And sub-headings
Very helpful to readers especially in
long Methods and Results sections
Subheadings need to be brief and
objective, eg.
“Animal studies”
“Pharmacokinetics”
10. Plenty of paragraphs
Paragraphs are used to:
- Group related thoughts
- Provide visual relief
- When you start a new topic you
should start a new paragraph
11. Do NOT be afraid of short paragraphs
If your paragraph has more than 5-7
sentences ask yourself whether it
contains more than 1 group of ideas.
Can you split it into two paragraphs?
There is nothing wrong with short
paragraphs
12. Or… of ONE sentence paragraphs
There is NOTHING grammatically wrong with
a ONE sentence paragraph
But use them sparingly
Use them to emphasize ideas.
Use them for BIG ideas.
Or also for lists and instructions where you
wish to highlight every point!
13.
14. Use Topic sentences to introduce
paragraphs
Very helpful if the 1st sentence in the
paragraph gives some idea of where
the paragraph is heading, eg.
“Wound healing consists of three
distinct phases( topic sentence).
First,……….Next,…………Finally, ……….
15. Use lists when helpful for readers
Remember the reader is the key!!!
You are writing for the reader!!!!
For example, the Lancet uses bullet-
point lists of key point.
Arrange lists in logical order
16.
17. Be consistent about the use of full
stops and capitals
Normal rule is-
“For list items that are full sentences,
begin with a capital letter and end
with a full stop
18. CORRECT WRITING
Common errors -
USE “Compare with” when looking for
differences
INCORRECT sentence
“We compared grottomycin to scabicillin”
CORRECT sentence
“We compared grottomycin with
scabicillin”
19. USE “Compare to” when likening
one thing to another
For example –
“The heart may be compared to a
pump”
20. Do NOT use “compare with” when
you can use “than”
Incorrect-
“We found a higher recovery rate in the
treatment group compared with the control
group”
Correct-
“We found a higher recovery rate in the
treatment group than in the control group.”
21. Different…......
Prefer “ Different from”
“different from” is the modern way
“different to” – old –fashioned
“different than” only used in the US
22.
23. Fewer vs. less
Fewer – countable nouns
Eg, “Fewer psychiatric beds are
needed since the introduction of
community care”
Less – uncountable nouns
Eg, “There is less need for psychiatric
beds since the introduction of care in
the community”
24. “Which” – Commenting clauses
“Which” is used in a commenting or
parenthetical clause –
For example,
“The Thames, which flows through London,
is England’s largest river”
This means that if you take out the material
starting with “which” and the sentence is
still correct.
The “which flows through London” is just
giving extra information.
25. “That” – defining clauses
“That” is used before a defining clause ( ie.
Before a clause that CANNOT be taken out
without destroying the meaning of the
sentence)
Eg. “The Thames that flows through London
is heavily polluted
There are NO commas and the material
after the “that” is essential to make sense
of the sentence
26. Watch out for “verbless”
sentences
Normally- sentences MUST have a verb
INCORRECT –
“All good scientific papers have certain qualities in
common. Such as clarity, accuracy and conciseness”
How would you correct this ?
1. “All good scientific papers have certain qualities in
common, such as clarity, accuracy and conciseness”
2. “All good scientific papers have certain qualities in
common. These include clarity, accuracy and
conciseness”
27.
28. But OK with lists….
You can miss out verbs when writing in note
form and in lists.
“All good scientific papers have certain
qualities in common:
clear sentences
accurate word choice
concise construction”
29. Watch out for mixed singular and
plural verbs and nouns
Incorrect-
“Each of the lecturers have a postgraduate
degree”
And Correct?
“Each of the lecturers has a postgraduate
degree”
30. Remember – companies are singular
Incorrect
Megapharm are developing bradykinin
antagonists
And what is correct ?
Megapharm is developing bradykinin
antagonists
31.
32. Apostrophes 1
Use apostrophes carefully in possessives –
1- Put the apostrophe before the “s” when
you are talking about something belonging
to just 1 thing.
Eg. “Professor Smith’s experiment”
But put it after the “s” if you are talking
about MORE than 1 thing.
Eg. “The universities’ records.” ( More than
1 university)
33. Apostrophes 2
Special rules for “it”
1.It’s is short for “it is”
Eg. “It’s usually warm in summer”
2. “Its” for “belonging to it” has NO
apostrophe.
“The reading was twice its usual value” ( =
belonging to it)
35. Your Turn 1 (serious)
Correct the sentences
1. None of the drugs were prescribed
2. The authors proposed a single regime
3. the drug causes less serious symptoms.
4. She was diagnosed of pericarditis and admitted at the
hospital.
5.The abdominal CT scan revealed a foreign body into
the jejunum.
The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma is higher in
cirrotic patients.
36. Your Turn 2 (fun!) Who said what
?
Match the quote with the
writer
1.Shall I compare thee to a
summer’s day
a. William Osler
2. The kindly word, the cheerful
greeting, the sympathetic look-
these the patient understands
b. Ludwig Wittgenstein
3.We wish to suggest a structure
for the salt of deoxyribose
nucleic acid
c. Samuel Johnson
4.Everything that can be thought
at all can be thought clearly.
Everything that can be said can
be said clearly.
d. William Shakespeare
5. What is written without effort
is in general read without
pleasure
e. Watson and Crick
37. Take home message
If in doubt get a native English speaker to check before
you submit your work !!!!