1.  Treaty of Versailles causes anger, resentment
in Europe
 World-wide Depression
 Dictators rise; driven by nationalism, desire
for more territory
 The rise of totalitarianism in Europe and
Asia lead to World War II.

4.  Totalitarian government exerts
almost complete control over
people
 replaces private farms with
collectives
 creates second largest industrial
power; famines kill millions
 purges anyone who threatens his
power; 8–13 million killed
Josef Stalin
Soviet Dictator
1879 – 1953

5. Soviet Collective Camp
Victims of Stalin’s
Purges

7.  Fascism stresses nationalism,
needs of state above individual
 Benito Mussolini plays on fears of
economic collapse, communism
 Supported by government officials,
police, army
 1922 appointed head of
government, establishes
totalitarian state
Benito
Mussolini
Italian
Fascist
1883 - 1945

8.  Adolf Hitler leader of National Socialist German
Workers’ Party (Nazi)
 Mein Kampf—Hitler’s book, basic beliefs of Nazism,
based on extreme nationalism
 Unite German-speaking people, enforce racial
“purification”
 Nazis become strongest political party; Hitler named
chancellor
 Dismantles democratic Weimar Republic; establishes
Third Reich

9. Adolf Hitler
German Reichs Führer
1889 - 1945
Mein Kampf (My Struggle)
Published 1925

10.  Emperor Hirohito
 Militarists control Japanese government
 1931, Nationalist military leaders seize
Manchuria
Hirohito
124th Emperor of Japan
1901 - 1989

11.  Japan invades Manchuria (China)
 Mussolini invades Ethiopia
 German Aggression:
 Rhineland
 Austria
 Czechoslovakia
 Poland

12. Japanese Soldiers Enter
Mukden, Manchuria
Italy Invades Ethiopia 1935

13. Hitler’s Troops Enter the Rhineland 1935

14. DATE
 1922
 7/1929
 4/1930
 6/1930
EVENT
 Mussolini became dictator of
Italy
 U.S. approved Kellogg-Briand
Pact
 London Naval Treaty limited
tonnage
 Hawley-Smoot Tariff created
trade barriers

15.  9/1931-
10/1931
 Japan marched into Manchuria
to take coal deposits; U.S. does
nothing
 League of Nations asked the
world to boycott Japanese
goods and stop exporting to
Japan, U.S. did not boycott

16.  1/1932-7/1932  U.S. Stimson Doctrine
refused to recognize
Japanese land gains in
Manchuria
 US refused to cancel war
debts to Eur. Powers.
 Germany did not pay war
debts
 Allies did not pay debts to
US

18.  2/1933-Fall
1933
 Japan walked out of the
League of Nations; no
reprisals
 Nazis came to power and set
up a fascist government
 Hitler became Chancellor of
Germany

19.  Hitler pulled Germany out of
League of Nations and began
building up German army
 US formally recognized USSR
 US issues good neighbor
policy stating that no country
had the right to intervene in
the affairs of other nations.

20.  4/1934 - Fall
1934
 Mussolini sent Italian
troops to attack Ethiopia
 Japan gave notice it would
terminate the Wash. Naval
Conference agreement.
 President Paul von
Hindenburg of Germany
dies; Hitler became Fuhrer

21.  1935  Hitler announced that
Germany would rearm despite
Treaty of Versailles
 Announced existence of
German air force (Luftwaffe)
 Hitler introduced compulsory
military service for German
men.

22.  8/1935 - 12/1935
 2/1936
 US announced First
Neutrality Act and forbade
sales to belligerents
 US announced Second
Neutrality Act and said it
would make no loans to
belligerents

23.  3/1936
 7/1936
 Hitler sent troops into the
Rhineland in violation of
Treaty of Versailles; world did
nothing
 Spanish Civil War began;
fascists overthrew existing
government with help of
Germany and Italy.

24.  General Francisco Franco rebels
against Spanish republic
 Hitler, Mussolini back Franco;
Stalin aids opposition
 Western democracies remain
neutral
 War leads to Rome-Berlin Axis -
alliance between Italy and
Germany
 Franco wins war, becomes
fascist dictator
Francisco Franco
Spanish Dictator
1892 - 1975

25.  10/1936
 5/1937
 Germany and Italy formed a
military alliance: Rome-Berlin
Axis
 US announced Third
Neutrality Act and claimed it
would trade on a “cash and
carry” basis
 Hitler repudiated all
responsibility for WWI
 Japan attacked China

26.  10/1937
 12/1937
 1938
 FDR’s “Quarantine the
Aggressor Speech” (econ.
Isolation); met with disinterest
 Italy withdraws from League of
Nations
 Germany annexed Austria

27.  12/1938  Fr., GB, It, and Germ. signed
the Munich Pact
(Appeasement) giving Hitler
the Sudetenland and Hitler
promised to leave the rest of
Czechoslovakia alone.
 Jewish persecution and
pogroms are put in place
throughout Germany

28.  3 million German-speakers in Sudetenland
 Hitler claims Czechs abuse Sudeten
Germans, masses troops on border
 Prime Ministers of Brit. and Fr. meet with
Hitler
 Sign Munich Pact, hand Sudetenland over to
Germany
 Appeasement—giving up principles to
pacify an aggressor

29. British Prime Minister
Neville Chamberlain and
German Führer Adolf Hitler
September 1939

30.  3/1939
 8/1939
 Germany invaded and
took the rest of
Czechoslovakia
 Hitler-Stalin
Nonaggression Pact
signed; would not
attack each other;
secretly agreed to divide
Poland between them

31.  9/1939
 9/3/39
 Hitler invaded Poland
(Blitzkrieg); Poland
surrendered after a month and
was split between Germany
and USSR.
 England & France declared war
on Germany for violation of
Munich Pact.
 WWII begins

32. German Blitzkrieg
“Lightning War”

34. The Maginot Line, 1940

35.  British, French trapped on beach at
Dunkirk; ferried to safety in UK
miraculous rescue
 1940, Italy invades France from
south; Germans approach Paris
 France falls; Germans occupy
northern France
 Nazi puppet government (Vichy
Gov’t) set up in southern France
 General Charles de Gaulle sets up
government-in-exile in England
French Leader
Charles de
Gaulle
1890 - 1970

36. Evacuation of
Dunkirk
1940

37. France Falls
Germans Enter Paris - 1940

38.  Summer 1940, Germany prepares fleet to
invade Britain
 Battle of Britain—German planes
(Luftwaffe) bomb British targets
 RAF – Royal Air Force
 Britain uses radar to track, shoot down
German planes
 Hitler calls off invasion of Britain. Churchill
became Prime Minister of England.

40. DATE
 9/1940
EVENT
 Destroyers for Bases Deal: US
sends ships to Brit. And rec’d 99
year leases to naval and air
bases in the Caribbean.
 Japan continues south and
invades French Indo-China
(Vietnam)
 US placed an embargo on
exports to Japan
 Japan, Germany, and Italy
formed a military alliance called
the Axis Powers.

41. DATE
 11/1940
 1/1941
 6/1941
EVENT
 FDR elected to third term
 FDR delivers his “Four
Freedoms” Speech (speech,
religion, want, fear)
 Congress passed Lend-Lease Act
 Germany invaded Soviet Union
(USSR) – major mistake for
Hitler, must now fight on two
fronts, Germany underestimated
the Soviet’s resolve.

43.  The U S provides economic and military aid
to help the Allies achieve victory.
 Moving Cautiously Away from Neutrality
 Congress passes “cash-and-carry” provision
 Germany, Japan, Italy alliance aimed at
keeping U.S. out of war by forcing fight on
two oceans

45.  Nazi victories in 1940
lead to increased U.S.
defense spending
 First peacetime draft
enacted—Selective
Training and Service
Act

46.  FDR tells nation if Britain falls, Axis powers
free to conquer world
 U.S. must become “arsenal of democracy”
 Britain has no more cash to buy U.S. arms
 1941 Lend-Lease Act—U.S. to lend or lease
supplies for defense
 Roosevelt sends lend-lease supplies to Soviet
Union

48. American-made .38 revolvers
shipped to England from the
United States under the Lend-
Lease Program are unpacked at an
English ordnance depot

49.  Hitler deploys U-boats to attack supply
convoys
 Wolf packs—groups of up to 40 submarines
patrol North Atlantic
 sink supply ships
 FDR allows navy to attack German U-boats
in self-defense

51.  FDR, Churchill issue Atlantic Charter—joint
declaration of war aims
 Charter is basis of “A Declaration of the
United Nations” or Allies
 Allies—nations that fight Axis powers; 26
nations sign Declaration

53.  Hideki Tojo - prime minister
 Japan seizes French bases in
Indochina; U.S. cuts off
trade
 Japan needs oil from U.S. or
must take Dutch East Indies
oil fields
 1941 U.S. breaks Japanese
codes; learns Japan planning
to attack U.S.
Hideki Tojo
Japanese Prime
Minister
1884 - 1948

54.  December 7, 1941 Japanese attack Pearl
Harbor
 2,403 Americans killed; 1,178 wounded
 Over 300 aircraft, 21 ships destroyed or
damaged
 Congress approves FDR’s request for
declaration of war against Japan
 Germany, Italy declare war on U.S.
 U.S. unprepared to fight in both Atlantic,
Pacific Oceans

58.  After Pearl Harbor, 5 million men
volunteer for military service
 10 million more drafted to meet
needs of two-front war
 Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps
(WAAC)—women in noncombat
positions
 Thousands enlist; “auxiliary”
dropped, get full U. S. army benefits

59.  Minority groups are denied basic citizenship
rights
 Question whether they should fight for
democracy in other countries

60.  300,000 Mexican Americans join armed
forces
 1 million African Americans serve; live, work
in segregated units
 13,000 Chinese Americans and 33,000
Japanese Americans serve
 25,000 Native Americans enlist

61. Navajo US Soldier
Black American Soldiers in Action
Japanese American Soldiers

62.  Factories convert from civilian to war
production
 Shipyards, defense plants expand, new ones
built
 Produce ships, arms rapidly
 use prefabricated parts
 people work at record speeds

64.  Nearly 18 million workers in war industries;
6 million are women
 Over 2 million minorities hired; face strong
discrimination at first
 FDR executive order forbids discrimination

65.  Manhattan Project develops atomic bomb
 Office of Scientific Research and
Development—technology, medicine
A gun-type nuclear bomb

66.  Higher taxes, purchase of war bonds, lower
demand for scarce goods
 organizes collection of recyclable materials
 Office of Price Administration (OPA) freezes
prices, fights inflation
 Mandatory rationing
 War Production Board (WPB) says which
companies convert production
 allocates raw materials

68.  Allied forces, led by the United States and
Great Britain, battle Axis powers for control
of Europe and North Africa.
 Churchill convinces FDR to strike first
against Hitler

69.  Hitler orders submarine attacks against
supply ships to Britain
 Wolf packs destroy hundreds of ships in
1942
 Allies organize convoys of cargo ships with
escort:
 destroyers with sonar; planes with radar

70. US Convoy Ships in the Atlantic

71.  The Battle of Stalingrad
 Soviets defeat Germans in bitter winter
campaign
 Over 230,000 Germans, 1,100,000 Soviets
die
 Turning point battle in Europe: Soviet army
begins to move towards Germany

72. Battle of
Leningrad

73.  General Dwight D. Eisenhower
commands invasion of North
Africa
 Afrika Korps, led by General
Erwin Rommel, surrenders
 Battle of El Alamein is turning
point battle in North Africa
Field Marshal Erwin
Rommel
1891 - 1944

75.  Allies decide will accept only unconditional
surrender from Axis
 Summer 1943, capture Sicily; Mussolini
forced to resign

76. Benito Mussoline (center)
Executed and Beaten by
Italians in Milan April 1945

77.  African Americans —Tuskegee Airmen,
Buffaloes—highly decorated
 Mexican-American soldiers win many
awards
 Japanese-American unit most decorated
unit in U.S. history

78. Japanese American Soldiers of 442nd Regimental Combat Team –
Most Decorated Unit in American Army –
21 Congressional Medal of Honor Winners in World War II

79. African American Pilots of the Tuskegee Airman

80.  D-Day
 Allies set up phantom army, send
fake radio messages to fool
Germans
 Eisenhower directs Allied invasion
of Normandy on D-Day June 6,
1944
Inflatable
Rubber Decoy
Tank

81. Aerial View of D Day
Landings June 6, 1944

82.  General Omar Bradley bombs to
create gap in enemy defense line
 General George Patton leads
Third Army, reach Paris in
August
 FDR reelected for 4th term with
running mate Harry S. Truman
American
General Omar
Bradley
American
General George
Patton

83.  December German tank divisions drive 60
miles into Allied area
 Battle of the Bulge –
 Germans pushed back
 have irreplaceable losses
 last German offensive

85.  Allies in Germany, Soviets in Poland liberate
concentration camps
 Find starving prisoners, corpses, evidence of
killing

87.  April 1945, Soviet army storms Berlin; Hitler
commits suicide
 Eisenhower accepts unconditional surrender
of German Reich
 May 8, 1945, V-E Day: Victory in Europe Day
 FDR dies April 12; Vice President Harry S.
Truman becomes president

89.  Japan conquers empire
 Gen. Douglas MacArthur
leads Allied forces in
Philippines
 March 1942 U.S., Filipino
troops trapped on Bataan
Peninsula (Bataan Death
March)
 FDR orders MacArthur to
leave; thousands of troops
remain
Japanese and Prisoners
on Bataan Death March

90.  Battle of the Coral Sea
 May 1942, U.S., Australian soldiers stop
Japanese drive to Australia
 For first time since Pearl Harbor, Japanese
invasion turned back
 First naval battle fought completely by
aircraft carriers

91. USS Lexington Burning and Sinking
after her crew abandoned ship May 8
1942
Japanese Carrier Shokaku under
attack at Coral Sea

92.  Admiral Chester Nimitz commands U.S.
naval forces in Pacific
 Allies break Japanese code, win Battle of
Midway, stop Japan again
 Battle of Midway is the turning point battle
of the Pacific
 Allies advance island by island toward Japan

93. Japanese Carrier Soryu (center) on
fire at Battle of Midway, 1942

94.  Japan uses kamikaze attack—pilots crash
bomb-laden planes into ships
Kamikaze Pilots,
1944
Kamikaze Attack on USS
Comfort Hospital Ship

95.  Iwo Jima critical as base from which planes
can reach Japan
 6,000 marines die taking island; of 20,700
Japanese, 200 survive
 The Battle for Okinawa
 April–June: 7,600 U.S. troops, 110,000
Japanese die
 Allies fear invasion of Japan may mean 1.5
million Allied casualties

96. Landing Zone on Iwo Jima

97. American Marines in Action on Okinawa

98.  The Manhattan Project
 J. Robert Oppenheimer is research director
of Manhattan Project
 July 1945, atomic bomb tested in New
Mexico desert
 President Truman orders military to drop 2
atomic bombs on Japan

99.  Hiroshima and Nagasaki
 August 6, Hiroshima, major military center,
destroyed by bomb
 3 days later, bomb dropped on city of
Nagasaki
 September 2, 1945 Japan surrenders

100. Weapon and Testing Tower at
Manhattan Project

101. Destruction at Hiroshima

102.  February 1945, FDR, Churchill, Stalin meet in Yalta
 discuss post-war world
 Temporarily divide Germany into 4 parts
 Stalin promises free elections in Eastern Europe;
will fight Japan
 FDR gets support for conference to establish
United Nations
 Human Costs of the War
 WW II most destructive war in human history

103. Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin at Yalta
1945

104.  During the Holocaust, the Nazis
systematically execute 6 million Jews and 5
million other “non-Aryans.”
 Europe has long history of anti-Semitism
 Germans believe Hitler’s claims, blame Jews
for problems
 Nazis take away citizenship, jobs, property;
require Star of David

106. Jews Are Not Welcome Here

107.  Kristallnacht—Nazis attack Jewish homes,
businesses, synagogues
 About 100 Jews killed, hundreds injured,
30,000 arrested

109.  Hitler’s Final Solution—slavery, genocide of
“inferior” groups
 Genocide—deliberate, systematic killing of an
entire population
 Target Jews, gypsies, freemasons, Jehovah’s
Witnesses, unfit Germans
 Nazi death squads round up Jews, shoot them
 Jews forced into ghettos, segregated areas in
Polish cities
 Some form resistance movements; others
maintain Jewish culture

111.  Many Jews taken to concentration camps, or
labor camps
 Prisoners crammed into wooden barracks,
given little food
 Work dawn to dusk, 7 days per week
 Those too weak to work are killed

114.  Germans build death camps; gas chambers
used to kill thousands
 On arrival, SS doctors separate those who can
work
 Those who can’t work immediately killed in gas
chamber
 At first bodies buried in pits; later cremated to
cover up evidence
 Some are shot, hanged, poisoned, or die from
experiments

118.  The Nuremberg War Trials
 24 Nazi leaders tried, sentenced
 Charged with crimes against humanity,
against the peace, war crimes
 Established principle that people are
responsible for own actions in war

119. Nazi War Criminals at Nuremburg Trials 1945 -
1946

120.  The Occupation of Japan
 MacArthur commands U.S. occupation
forces in Japan
 Over 1,100 Japanese tried, sentenced
 MacArthur reshapes Japan’s economy,
government

121. General MacArthur and Emperor Hirohito 1946