2. Table of Contents
1)
Imperfect
2)
Preterite
3)
Por vs. Para
4)
Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns
5)
Los Mandatos
6)
Present Subjunctive
7)
Subjunctive with Verbs of Will and Influence
8)
Subjunctive with Verbs of Emotion
9)
Doubt, Disbelief, and Denial
10)
Conjunctions
11)
Subjunctive in Adjective Clauses
12)
Tu Commands
13)
Nosotros Commands
14)
Past Participles Used as Adjectives
15)
Present Perfect
16)
Past Perfect
17)
Future Tense
18)
Conditional Tense
19)
Past Subjunctive
3. 1. Imperfect
Uses:
Give background events in a story
Todas los dias
A
menudo
Ibamos al parque los domingos. (We used to go to the park on Sundays.)
Frecuentamente
Cada
Age
dia
Los gemelos tenian seis anos. (The twins were six years old.)
Siempre/nunca
Los
Time/date
lunes…
Generalmente
Mientra
Eran las tres y media. (It was 3:30.)
Muchas veces
A veces
Event or action in progress
Da vez en cuando Rara
Yo leia mientras el estudiaba. (I was reading while he was studying.)
vez Irregular Verbs
No definite beginning or end
Ir: iba, ibas, iba, ibamos,
Estabamos caminando en el parque. (We were walking in the park.)
ibais, iban
Physical characteristics
Era alto y guapo. (He was tall and handsome.)
Ser: era, eras, era, eramos,
erais, eran
Descriptions/feelings
Habitual or repeated actions
La senora era doctora. (The woman was a doctor.)
Mental or emotional states
Triggers
Llovia mucho. (It was raining a lot.)
Queria mucho a su familia. (He loved his family very much.)
Ver: veia, veias, veia,
veiamos, veiais, veian
Interrupted activity (with cuando)
Yo dormia cuando el telefono sono. (I was sleeping when the telephone rang.)
4. 2. Preterite
Irregular Verbs
Uses:
One time action
Ayer yo comi comida china.
(Yesterday I ate Chinese food.)
Definite beginning and end
El verano pasado fuimos a Nueva
York. (Last summer we went to New
York.)
Narration
Fui a la escuela, hice tarea, y regrese
a casa. (I went to school, did my
homework, and returned home.)
Interrupting action (cuando)
Mi hermana lavaba la ropa cuando
llego papa. (My sister was washing
clothes when dad arrived.)
ir/ser
dar *ver same format
Fui
Fuimos
Di
Dimos
Fuiste
Fuisteis
Diste
Disteis
Fue
Fueron
Dio
Dieron
i-y verbs
*caer, creer, oir
Snakey
Lei
Leimos
Pedi
Pedimos
Leiste
Leisteis
Pediste
Pedisteis
Leyo
Leyeron
Pidio
Pidieron
Snakey -ir
-car/ -gar/ -zar
Buscar-
Yo
busque
Dormi
Dormimo
s
Jugar-
Yo jugue
Dormiste
Almorzar-
Yo
almorce
Dormistei
s
Dumio
Dumieron
5. 3. Por vs Para
Por
Used:
Motion or general location,
duration of an action, object of a
search, means by which
something is done, exchange or
substitution, or unit of measure
Found in several idiomatic
expressions
por aqui (around here)
por ejemplo (for example)
por eso (that’s why, therefore)
por fin (finally)
When given an exact time, de is
used instead of por before la
manana, la tarde, and la noche.
Llegue a la diez de la noche. (I
arrive at ten at night.)
Me gusta estudiar por la noche. (I
like to study at night.)
Para
Used:
Destination, deadline or a specific
time in future, purpose or goal
plus infinitive, purpose plus noun
or verb, the recipient of
something, comparisons or
opinions, employment
Por and Para:
Often, either por or para can be used in
a sentence. The meaning of the
sentence changes, depending on which
one is used.
Camine por el parque. (I walked
through the park.)
Camine para el parque. (I walked
towards the park.)
6. 4. Possessive Adjectives and
Pronouns
Adjectives
Pronouns
Short form
Nuestro(a/as/os)
Tu(s)
Vuestro(a/as/os)
Su(s)
Su(s)
Mio(a)
Long
FormNuestro(a)
Singula
r
Mi(s)
Vuestro(a)
Suyo(a)
Suyo(a)
Mios(as)
Plural
Tuyo(a)
Nuestros(as)
Tuyos(as)
Vuestros(as)
Suyos(as)
Suyos(as)
To form a possessive pronoun, use
the long form of the possessive
adjective, then add: el, la, los, or las
based on the gender and number of
the noun. Attach the pronoun to a
reflexive when using a reflexive in
the infinitive form.
7. Negative
Affirmative
5. Los Mandatos
Ud./Uds. Put it in the yo
form and then change it
to the opposite vowel
Tu simply drop the ‘s’
Los irregulares:
di, haz, ve, pon, sal,
se, ten, ven
DOP+IOP+’Se’
Los irregulares:
can attach to an
TVDISHES
Nosotros: Make
affirmative
the same as
__________
Ud./Uds.
DOP+IOP+’Se’ must
Irregulares:
go before the negative
TVDISHES
command
Tu put in the yo form and
change to opposite vowel,
Ud./Uds. Same as above
then add an ‘s’
Los
irregulares:
TVDISHES
Los
irregulares:
TVDISHES
8. 6. Present Subjunctive
For most verbs, the present subjunctive is formed by following these three
steps:
Start with the yo form of the present indicitive
Then drop the –o ending
Then add the these endings:
-ar verbs:
-e, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, en
-er and -ir verbs:
-a, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an
Es
mejor
que
Es bueno
que
Es malo que
Unas
expresiones
para el
subjunctivo
Es
important
e que
Es triste que
Es
necesario
que
Es
urgente
que
TVDISHES
T- traer (traiga), tener (tenga)
V- venir(venga)
D- dar (de), decir (diga)
I- ir (vaya)
S- saber (sepa)
H- hacer (haga), haber (haya)
E- estar (este)
S-
9. 7. Subjunctive with Verbs of Will
and Influence
Aconsejarto advise
Recomendar
(e-ie)- to
recommend
Insistir (en)to insist on
Verbs of will and influence
are often used when
someone wants to affect
the action and behaviors
of others.
Mandar- to
order
Sugerir (eie)- to
suggest
Rogar (oue)- to beg,
to plead
Important- to
be
important, to
matter
Inifinitives are only
used if there is no
change of subject
in the sentence
10. 8. Subjunctive with Verbs of
Emotion
When the verb in the main
clause of the sentence shows
an emotion or a feeling such
as hope, fear, joy, pity, or
surprise, the subjunctive is
required in the subordinate
clause.
Nos alegramos de que te
gusten las flores.
Siento que tu no puedas venir
manana.
As with expressions with will
and influence, the infinitive is
used after an expression of
emotion when there is no
change of subject from the
main clause to the subordinate
clause.
Alegarse de
To be happy
Esperar
To hope, to wish
Sentir (e-ie)
To be sorry, to
regret
Sorprender
To surprise
Temer
To be afraid, to
fear
Es triste
It’s sad
Ojala (que)
I hope (that), I wish
(that)
11. 9. Doubt, Disbelief, and Denial
Indicative is used
when there is no
doubt or
uncertainty in the
main clause.
Subjunctive is used
when there is
doubt.
No negamos que
hay demasiados
carros en las
Dudar
To doubt
Negar (e-ie)
To deny
Es imposible
It’s impossible
Es improbable
It’s improbable
No es cierto
It’s not true, it’s not
certain
No es seguro
It’s not certain
No es verdad
It’s not true
12. 10. Conjunctions
Conjunctions are words or
phrases that connect clauses
in sentences.
Describe how, why, when, or
where an action takes place.
Subjunctive is used when
there is a hypothetical
situation, uncertainty about
an action or event, or an
unfulfilled condition
In Spanish you must use the
subjunctive in place of where
you would use a gerund in
English.
(yo)
(tu)
No juego a menos que
S – Sin que (Without)
P – Para que (So that)
A – A fin de que (So that)
A – Antes de que (Before)
A – A menos que (Unless)
C – Con tal de que (Provided
that)
E – En caso de que (In
case)
