2. EUKARYOTIC
CHROMOSOMES
a structure made of
DNA and associated
proteins
carries part or all of
a cell’s genetic
information
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8. DNA
(Deoxyribonucleic acid)
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DNA was discovered in 1869 by Fredrich Miescher by isolating the nuclei of white
blood cells, he extracted an acidic molecule he called nuclein
9. FUNCTIONS
DNA carries genetic info from one
generation to the next
DNA becomes read and transcribed so that
proteins are made and traits are expressed
DNA must be replicated each time cells
divide
11. PROPERTIES IN A DOUBLE
HELIX
The strands of
DNA are
antiparallel
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12. PROPERTIES IN A DOUBLE
HELIX
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The strands are complimentary (CHARGAFF’S RULE)
13. PROPERTIES IN A DOUBLE
HELIX
There are Hydrogen bond forces
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14. PROPERTIES IN A DOUBLE
HELIX
There are base stacking interactions
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15. PROPERTIES IN A DOUBLE
HELIX
There are 10 base pairs per turn
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16. RNA
(Ribonucleic acid)
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In the early 1900s, Phoebus Levene isolated two types of nucleic acid: RNA and DNA.
In 1919, he proposed that both were made up of individual units called nucleotides.
Each nucleotide was composed of one of four nitrogen-containing bases,
a sugar, and a phosphate group
17. FUNCTION & TYPE
RNA helps to assemble amino acids into
proteins (Remember: proteins that determine
traits)
3 Types: mRNA, rRNA, tRNA
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24. QUESTION #1:
D
Identify this molecule:
A. amino acid
B. carbohydrate
C. RNA
D. DNA
25. QUESTION #2:
Identify the following molecule
A. amino acid
B. hydrogen bond
C. protein
D. Nucleotide
D
C
Phosphate Group
Deoxyribose
CH2
O
Nitrogenous Base
26. QUESTION #3:
How many types of RNA are there?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
C
27. QUESTION #4:
Which of the following have hydrogen bonds
between nitrogenous bases?
A. DNA
B. RNA
C. BOTH
A
28. QUESTION #5:
What is the function of tRNA?
“Transfer” amino acids to ribosomes/
delivery system of amino acids to
ribosomes during protein synthesis
29. QUESTION #6:
Which of the following is found in BOTH DNA and
RNA?
A. phosphate group, guanine, uracil
B. phosphate group, guanine, cytosine
C. ribose, phosphate group, uracil
D. deoxyribose, phosphate group, thymine
B
30. QUESTION #7:
What is the function of mRNA?
“Messenger” serves as template during
protein synthesis/ RNA version of the
gene encoded by DNA
31. QUESTION #8:
Which of the following describes the structure of
DNA?
A. double-stranded RNA molecule
B. double-stranded helix molecule
C. double-stranded RNA helix
D. single-stranded RNA helix
B
32. QUESTION #9:
What is the function of rRNA?
“Ribosomal” binds with proteins to
form the ribosome during protein
synthesis
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34. THE SEARCH FOR THE
GENETIC MATERIAL
Before DNA was established as the
genetic material in cells, scientists
knew:
there was a connection between
chromosomes and inherited traits
the genetic material had to control
the production of enzymes and
proteins
the genetic material had to be able
to replicate itself with accuracy
and still allow mutations to occur
35. THE CANDIDATES:
PROTEIN AND DNA
Once T.H. Morgan’s group showed that genes are
located on chromosomes, the two constituents of
chromosomes - proteins and DNA - were the
candidates for the genetic material
Until the 1940s, the great heterogeneity and
specificity of function of proteins seemed to
indicate that proteins were the genetic material
However, this was not consistent with experiments
with microorganisms, like bacteria and viruses
38. Oswald Avery, Maclyn McCarty and
Colin MacLeod EXPERIMENT (1943)
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39. Oswald Avery, Maclyn McCarty and
Colin MacLeod EXPERIMENT (1943)
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40. ALFRED HERSHEY & MARTHA
CHASE (1952)
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•
Concluded that the
injected DNA of the
phage provides the
genetic information
that makes the
infected cells
produce new viral
DNA and proteins,
which assemble into
new viruses
44. QUESTION #11: (BY PAIR)
WHAT IS THE COMPLEMENTARY STRAND OF THE
GIVEN DNA TEMPLATE:
5’ ATT GGC 3’
5’ GCC AAT 3’
45. QUESTION #12:
Which of the following is a DNA template?
A. GGC TTA GGT
B. TTA GGU GGA
C. AAU CCT AAG
A
46. QUESTION #13: (BY PAIR)
What is the contribution of TH Morgan’s group to
molecular genetics?
showed that genes are located on
chromosomes, the two constituents of
chromosomes - proteins and DNA - were
the candidates for the genetic material
47. QUESTION #14:
What are the two strains of Streptococcus used in
the transformation experiments by Griffith?
the “rough” avirulent strain and the
“smooth” virulent strain
48. QUESTION #15: (BY PAIR)
According to Griffith’s Experiment, why did he
suggest that DNA is the genetic material?
DNA as transforming principle:
“transformed” avirulent strains to
virulent strains
49. QUESTION #16: (BY PAIR)
How did Hershey and Chase monitor the fate of
DNA if their experiment
radioactive labelling with P
50. QUESTION #17: (BY PAIR)
How did Hershey and Chase monitor the fate of
PROTEINS if their experiment
radioactive labelling with S