1) The document discusses the Habsburg dynasty in Spain known as the Austrias from Carlos I to Felipe IV. 2) It describes the reigns of Carlos I, Felipe II, Felipe III, and Felipe IV, noting the foreign conflicts and domestic problems each king faced, including revolts, financial issues, and declining Spanish power. 3) Key events included Carlos I's vast empire, Felipe II's wars against France, England, the Netherlands, and the Ottomans, and the expulsion of the Moriscos under Felipe III which hurt Spain's economy.

4. AUSTRIAS
AUSTRIAS
MAYORES
AUSTRIAS
MENORES
CARLOS I
FELIPE II
FELIPE III
FELIPE IV
CARLOS II

7. • The dynasty of the “Austrias” has this
name because the family of the Habsburg
had its origin in Austria. Carlos I’s father
(Felipe el Hermoso) belonged to that
dinasty.

8. THE EMPIRE OF CHARLES I

9. • Carlos I came to the
throne in 1516, when
his grandfather
Fernando el Católico
died. His mother,
Juana la Loca was still
alive.
• Carlos I was the first
king of Spain from the
Habsburg dynasty, the
dynasty of the
“Austrias”.

10. • Carlos I of Spain, who was also Carlos V of
Germany was the son of Juana de Castilla
(daughter of the Catholic Monarchs) and the
Austrian prince Philip of Habsburg.

12. His inheritance included:
From his mother’s side:
– The Crown of Castilla.
– Navarra
– The Crown of Aragon
– Territories in África, América and Italy
From his father’s side:
– Flanders (Belgium and The Netherlands),
Luxemburg and Franche-Comté (Franco
Condado).
– Austria
– Title of Emperor of Germany.

14. PROBLEMS WITHIN THE EMPIRE
• The Revolt of the Comuneros o Comunidades
(1520-1521).
• It was an uprising of nobles, the bourgeoisie and the
peasants of Castile against the king’s economic policy.
They asked that the wool from Castilla was worked
here, instead of being exported and they asked that the
charges of the Court were for Castilian people, Carlos I
had taken with him many foreigners as counselors.
• The leaders of the Revolt of the Comuneros were Juan
Bravo, Juan de Padilla and Francisco Maldonado.
• The revolt was defeated by the army of Carlos I.
• The Comuneros’ leaders were executed in Villalar in
1521.

16. PROBLEMS WITHIN THE EMPIRE
• The Revolt of the Brotherhood o
Germanías (1521-1523)
• It was an uprising of artisans and peasants
in Valencia and Mallorca.
• The artisans wanted access to
government office.
• The peasants wanted better rental
conditions.
• The king’s army suppressed the revolt.

18. PROBLEMS ABROAD
• Carlos I had to fight
against foreign
powers to defend his
authority and the
Catholic religion. He
had to fight against:
France
Turks
Protestants
Carlos V at the Battle of Mülhberg

19. Carlos I’s foreign policy
Objectives
To defend
his authority
To defend
the Carholic
religion
Against
France Turks Protestants

20. FRANCE
• Carlos I fought against Francisco I of
France, his great European rival.
• They had common interests in Italy (Milán)
and certain parts of Flanders and
Burgundy.
• Carlos I defeated Francisco I in the Battle
of Pavía, even he was his hostage.

21. CAUSES
TERRITORIAL
INTERESTS
IN ITALY
IN FLANDERS
IN
BURGUNDY
CONSEQUENCES
TERRITORIAL
EXPANSION:
MILANESADO
MILITARY
PRESTIGE:
PAVÍA
ENORMOUS
EXPENSES
FRANCE

22. Francisco I
Carlos I de España
Carlos V de Alemania

23. • After the Battle of Pavía, Francisco I was Carlos I’s prisoner.
• Francisco I renounced to his try to conquer areas of Italy if he
was set free.
• Francisco I and Carlos I signed a Treaty, as a guarantee,
Francisco gave Carlos his two sons: Francisco, seven years
old and Enrique, eight years old..
• Once Francisco was free, he broke all the agreements. The
king’s sons were captives during 5 years.
• As curiousity, during his captivity in Madrid, Francisco I didn’t
want to bow in front of Carlos V. Carlos, to force him to bow,
received him in a room with a very small door, so he had to
bend to be able to enter the room. Once, Francisco realized, he
entered the room bent, but giving his back.

24. Carlos visiting his prisoner Francisco I with Margarita de Angulema (Francisco’s brothers

25. TURKS / OTOMAN EMPIRE
CAUSES
TERRITORIAL
INTERESTS
IN HUNGARY
IN THE
MEDITERRANEAN
CONSEQUENCES
NORTH AFRICAN
CONQUESTS:
TÚNEZ
NORTH AFRICAN
LOSTS: TRÍPOLI
AND BUGÍA
ENORMOUS
EXPENSES

27. • He fought the Turks, who threatened to
invade the area around the River Danube
and the Mediterranean Sea.
• Carlos V conquered Tunisia.
Carlos V in Tunisia
Solimán el Magnífico

28. PROTESTANTS
CAUSES
DEFEND THE
CATHOLICISM AGAINST
PROTESTANTISM
DEFEND THE
AUTHORITY OF THE
EMPEROR AGAINST THE
GERMAN PRINCES
CONSEQUENCES
LEAGUE OF
SMALKALDA
COUNCIL OF
TRENTO
(COUNTER-REFORMATION)
WAR
PEACE OF
AUGSBURG
ENORMOUS
EXPENSES
Carlos V wasn’t able to get the religious unity.

29. • The German Empire was
divided into many
territories governed by
princes.
• The King of Austria used
to be the Emperor of the
German Empire (he had to
be chosen).
• Carlos V was the emperor
of Germany after the
death of his grandfather
Maximilian of Austria, in
1519.

30. • Many German princes converted to
Lutheranism, beginning the conflict with
Carlos V, main defensor of the Catholic
Churh.
• There was a war between the Protestant
princes, grouped in Smalkalda League and
the Emperor Carlos V.
• Despite the imperial victory at Miihlberg in
1547, in 1555 Carlos signed the Peace of
Augsburg, which gave religious freedom to
the German princes.
• By the Peace of Augsburg (1555), every
German territory could have the religion
chosen by its prince.

32. Emperatriz Isabel
de Portugal,
señora de San
Clemente

34. • In 1556 Carlos I resigned (abdicó).
• Carlos gave the title of Emperor of
Germany and his Austrian territories to his
brother Fernando.
• He gave the rest of his territories to his
son Felipe II.
• Carlos I retired to the Monastery of Yuste
in Cáceres, where he died in 1558.

35. Carlos I abdicated the throne

37. • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KiRSjxf
rjpA

38. • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2MSA6
1UAujk

39. THE HISPANIC MONARCHY
OF FELIPE II
LA MONARQUÍA HISPÁNICA
DE FELIPE II

44. DOMESTIC POLICY
• Philip II paid special
attention to the
interests of the Spanish
monarchy.
• Madrid became the
state capital in 1561.

45. • Philip II governed with the
help of an army of civil
servants. He used the
system of advisory councils
(sistema polisinodial).
• The corregidores governed
the towns and villages. The
virreyes governed in the
Virreinatos.

46. INTERNAL PROBLEMS
• Revolts of the Alpujarras.
– The Moriscos had to convert to Catholicism
under the Catholic Monarchs (1502).
– The ban on using their langue cause the
revolt of the Moriscos in Las Alpujarras.
– Felipe II repressed severely the Revolt and
dispersed the Moriscos throughout Castilla.
His brother don Juan de Austria led the troops
who defeated the Moriscos.

50. REVOLT IN ARAGÓN
• This conflict was originated following the
case of Antonio Pérez, secretary of the
king who was accused of treason and
murder.
• Antonio Pérez fled to Zaragoza in 1590 to
benefit from the privileges or Aragonese
laws (fueros), supported by part of the
population.
• Given this, Felipe II ordered his troops to
occupy Aragon, ended the rebellion of
Zaragoza and limited the Aragonese
fueros.

51. Felipe II Antonio Pérez, his secretary

52. FOREIGN POLICY
• Felipe II tried to maintain Spanish power in
Europe and impose the Catholic religion.
• He had lots of enemies: France, the Turks,
England, Holland.

53. FRANCE
• One of the enemies of Felipe II was Enrique
II of France, Francisco I’s son.
• The French Wars of Religion were primarily
fought between French Catholics and
Protestants (Huguenots). Felipe II supported
the Catholics.
• Felipe defeated the French in the Battle of
San Quintín in 1557.
• After that battle, Felipe ordered to build a
monastery in San Lorenzo de El Escorial (as
the battle was San Lorenzo’s day – 10th
August)

55. Monasterio de San Lorenzo de El Escorial

56. ENGLAND
• Felipe II was the king of
England between 1554
and 1558, as he was
married to the Queen
María Tudor (daughter of
Henry VIII and Catalina
de Aragón. María Tudor
was Felipe II’s aunt, 11
years older than him).
• María was known as
Bloody Mary (because of
the executions of
Protestants she

57. • When María Tudor
died, the new Queen
was her half-sister
Isabel I of England,
she was daughter of
Henry VIII and Ana
Bolena. Isabel I was
anglican.
• Isabel I of England
was one of the
biggest Felipe’s
enemies.

58. • She helped pirates to attack Spanish ships
in their way to América, even she
ennobled some pirates, for example Sir
Francis Drake.
• She helped the Dutch (Protestants) when
they rebelled against Felipe II.

59. • In 1588, Felipe organized a fleet
(Armada), called the Armada Invencible or
the Spanish Armada. The goal of this
Armada was to invade England.
• But the fleet was destroyed in several
storms.

60. THE TURKS
• Felipe II organised a Holy
League (Santa Liga) between
Spain and the Republic of
Venice, the Republic of Genoa,
the Papal States, the Duchy of
Savoy and the Knights of
Malta. The joint fleet consisted
of 200 ships (60 galleys and
140 other vessels) carrying a
total of 30,000 soldiers.
Don Juan de Austria.
Marco Antonio Colonna
Sebastián Vernier

61. • They wanted to avoid the
Ottoman domination of the
Mediterranean.
• The Holy League defeated the
Turks, with the destruction of
nearly the entire Ottoman fleet
at the Battle of Lepanto in
1571, under the command of
Philip's half brother, Don Juan of
Austria.
• Lepanto marked a permanent
reversal in the balance of naval
power in the Mediterranean and

63. THE DUTCH
• The North provinces of Flanders (the
Netherlands) revolted against high taxes
and suffered because of the religious
conflict.
• Felipe II sent tercios (infantry formations)
to the area, but they were unable to solve
the problem.
• Belgium remained Catholic and didn’t
rebelled against the king Felipe II.

64. Margarita de Parma, hermana
bastarda de Felipe II y
gobernadora de Flandes

66. • Un tercio era una unidad
militar del Ejército
español durante la época de la
Casa de Austria. Los tercios
fueron famosos por su
resistencia en el campo de
batalla, formando la élite de las
unidades militares disponibles
para los reyes de España de la
época. Los tercios fueron la
pieza esencial de la
hegemonía terrestre, y en
ocasiones también marítima
del Imperio español.

68. • Cada tercio en 10 capitanías o compañías, 8 de
piqueros y 2 de arcabuceros, de 300 hombres
cada una, aunque también se podía dividir el
ejército en 12 compañías de 250 hombres cada
una. Cada compañía, aparte del capitán, que
siempre tenía que ser de nacionalidad española
y escogido por el rey, tenía otros oficiales:
un alférez, quien era encargado de llevar en el
combate la bandera de la compañía,
un sargento, cuya función era preservar el
orden y la disciplina en los soldados de la
compañía, y 10 cabos (cada uno de los cuales
mandaba a 30 hombres de la compañía)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VkWkTsSjhs
w

70. PORTUGAL
• In 1578 young king of Portugal, Sebastian of
Portugal died at the Battle of
Alcazarquivir without descendants. His uncle
the elderly Cardinal Henry succeeded him as
king. He died without descendants two years
later.
• Felipe II was grandson of Manuel el
Afortunado (Felipe’s mother, Isabel the
Portugal was Manuel’s eldest daughter),
former king of Portugal, so he had rights to
the throne.
• Felipe II of Spain was crowned as king of
Portugal in 1581.

74. END OF FELIPE II’S REIGN
• Under Felipe II, Spain was the first world
power.
• However, that meant he had to face many
problems and foreign wars.
• This complex situation was complicated by
the continuing financial problems of the
monarchy. This was evident with the three
bankruptcies during his reign.
• In 1598 Felipe II died leaving several
unresolved problems for his heir Philip III:
War of the Netherlands and the financial
crisis of the Spanish Monarchy.

75. ECONOMY AND SOCIETY IN
THE 16TH CENTURY

76. • During the 16th century, large amount and
silver were brought to Spain from América.
• This caused price rises, reducing the
purchasing power and standards of living
of ordinary people.
• Trade and commerce increased thanks to
the demand for goods from América.
• Most trade took place in Castilian cities
and the Atlantic ports, above all, Sevilla.

77. Map showing main Portuguese (blue) and Spanish (white) oceanic trade routes
in the 16th century

78. • In the 16th century the population of Spain
increased, especially in Castilla. The
majority of the population lived in the
countryside.
• Nobles and clergy owned most of the land.
• More than 80 % of the population were
peasants without land.

79. LOS AUSTRIAS MENORES

82. • A valido or
favourite was a
person in whom
the king had total
confidence and
who led the
government.

84. FELIPE III
(1598-1621)

85. Felipe III delegated power to his valido the
Duke of Lerma, who maintained peace
abroad.
He fixed Valladolid as capital of Spain.
He signed a peace with the Dutch provinces,
called the Twelve Years’ Truce (1609-
1621).
Felipe III ordered the expulsion of the
moriscos in 1609. 300,000 moriscos were
expelled from Spain, they were peasants,
so it was a terrible economical problem for
Spain.

88. Duque de Lerma, valido de Felipe III

89. FELIPE IV
(1621-1665)

90. • During the reign of
Felipe IV Spain entered
a deep economic,
financial, social and
political crisis.
• Given their lack of
interest by the
government of the
monarchy, Felipe IV
decided to leave the
business of government
in the hands of the
Conde-Duque de
Olivares, his favorite

91. DOMESTIC POLICY
• The Count- Duke of Olivares developed a plan
called the Unión de Armas. According to the
plan, all the Spanish kingdoms had to
contribute money and support armies to war,
not only Castilla.

93. DOMESTIC POLICY
• That plan made that some rebellions and
conspiracies against Felipe IV began:
Catalonia. In 1640 occurred the rebellion of the
Catalans in the so-called Corpus de Sangre. Catalonia
proclaimed independence. After years of struggle, the
troops of Philip IV managed to take Barcelona in 1652.
Portugal. In 1640 the Portuguese rebelled against Philip
IV and proclaimed king the Duke of Braganza, John IV
of Portugal. After a long war, in which the Portuguese
had the help of French and English, in 1668 Spain had
to recognize the independence of Portugal.
Other revolts. There were also separatist movements in
Andalusia, which were in all cases hard and quickly
repressed by Felipe IV.

94. FOREIGN POLICY
• Olivares wanted to restore Spanish power in
Europe, so the Monarchy became involved in the
Thirty Years War (1618-1648) and a long war with
France.
• In the end, Spain was defeated, having to
recognize the independence of the Netherlands
in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648.
• Spain had also to give various territories
(Roussillon, Artois) to France in the Peace of the
Pyrenees in 1659.
• Thus Spain kept be the dominant power in
Europe, being relieved by France. At the time, it
was confirmed and the profound political,
economic and social decline of the Spanish
Monarchy was emphasized.

95. La rendición de Breda. Velázquez

99. CARLOS II
(1665-1700)

100. • Carlos II was Spain’s last Habsburg
monarch (último monarca de la dinastía de
los Austria).
• His validos were Nithard, Valenzuela y
Juan José de Austria.
• The crisis was caused by the king’s
incompetence, corruption among his
favourites and a number of economic
problems.
• When Carlos II died without an heir in
1700, the Spanish War of Succession
broke out.
• Finally, Felipe V will be the first monarch of
the Borbón dynasty.

102. María Luisa de Orleans Mariana de Neoburgo

105. ECONOMY AND SOCIETY IN
THE 17TH CENTURY