The document summarizes an ambient air quality study conducted in six major cities of Pakistan. The study measured concentrations of particulate matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide and other pollutants at multiple locations in each city. Pollutant levels exceeded national standards at many sites and were highest in Karachi. Transportation emissions were identified as a major contributor to air pollution. The study recommends improvements to vehicle and fuel standards, and development of public transportation, to reduce pollution levels.

1. Ambient Air Quality in Karachi SUPARCO

2. 1. Baseline (Ambient Air Quality) Study of Major Six Cities of Pakistan- ENERCON/UNDP 2. Feasibility Study & Development of Transportation Control Plan - City District Government Karachi

9. Map of Karachi Showing Sampling Locations ARI QUALITY IN KARACHI

11. Parameters monitored at each site in Six Major Cities Criteria pollutants Other ambient pollutants Meteorological parameters Traffic count TSP (Total Suspended Particulates) Non-Methane hydrocarbons Ambient air temperature Diesel vehicles Coaster, Wagons, Buses, Pickups, Jeeps, Pajeeros, Loader Pickups, Tractors, Trucks PM10 (Particulate Matter <10u) Methane hydrocarbons Wind speed Petrol vehicles M/Cycles, Rickshaws, Cars, Taxis NO x CO 2 Wind direction SO 2 Noise Level Humidity O 3 CO Lead

12. METHODOLOGY Pollutants Methods Instruments/ Analyzer NOx as NO 2 40 CFR Method in Appendix F of Part 50 NOx Analyzer, Chemiluminescence) SO 2 40 CFR Method in Appendix A Part50 SO 2 Analyzer (Fluorescence) O 3 40 CFR Method in Appendix D of Part 50 Ozone Analyzer CO Method in Appendix C of 40 CFR Part 50 CO Analyzer CO 2 40 CFR Appendix C of 40 CFR Part 50 CO 2 Analyzer TSP 40 CFR Method in Appendix B of Part 50 High Volume Sampler PM10 40 CFR Appendix J of Part 50 PM 10 High Volume Sampler Lead 40 CFR Appendix G of Part 50 Using Graphite Furnace of Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer Hydrocarbons (Methane & Non-methane) Method 18 Part 53 of 40 CFR ?? FID Hydrocarbon Analyzer Noise Level 40 CFR Part 201 Sound Level Meter

13. Calibration of Equipment Analyzer Calibration Method Frequency CO (IR Gas Filter Correlation) CO Concentration Standard Use of SRM (Zero & SPAN) Once per Month or Before Monitoring at a Site NOx (Chemiluminescence) Dilution Gas Method -do- High volume Sampler, PM 10 Fix Orifice Calibrator Before Monitoring at a Site SO 2 (UV Fluorescence) Gas Dilution Method (Permeation Device) Once per Month or Before Monitoring at a Site O 3 (UV Photometry) Using Zero Air and Ozone Generator -do- CO 2 (IR Gas Filter Correlation) CO 2 Concentration Standard Use of SRM (Zero & SPAN) -do- Hydrocarbons (HC 500-2E) (FID) Gas Dilution Method (Methane) -do- Lead Reference SRM From USEPA Every Batch

14. Air Quality Monitoring Mobile Lab

15. Inner View of Mobile Lab.

16. SPM & PM2.5 SAMPLERS

17. Automatic high-speed computer controlled digital camera for recording the traffic count is available onboard the mobile labs. Traffic Counting with classification of vehicles

18. Air Quality Study MONITORING SITES PARAMETERS MONITORED AT EACH SITE Collected ambient air quality data in six (6) cities of the country through appropriate monitoring techniques. Number of sites monitored in each city are shown below. Monitoring was carried out continuously for 48 hrs at a site & repeated during the 4 cycles (1-year). Data so collected has been statistically analyzed Cities No. of Points/Sites Karachi 10 Lahore 7 Islamabad 3 Rawalpindi 5 Peshawar 5 Quetta 3 Total 33 Criteria pollutants Other ambient pollutants Meteorological parameters Traffic count TSP (Total Suspended Particulates) Non-Methane hydrocarbons Ambient air temperature Diesel vehicles Coaster, Wagons, Buses, Pickups, Jeeps, Pajeeros, Loader Pickups, Tractors, Trucks PM10 (Particulate Matter <10u) Methane hydrocarbons Wind speed Petrol vehicles M/Cycles, Rickshaws, Cars, Taxis NO x CO 2 Wind direction SO 2 Noise Level Humidity O 3 CO Lead

20. Ambient Air Quality Standards Pollutants USEPA WHO (2005) Averaging Time Standard Averaging Time Guideline Values SO 2 24 HRS ANNUAL MEAN 365µg/m3 (140 ppb) 80µg/m3 (30 ppb) 24 HRS ANNUAL MEAN 10 MIN 125 µg/m3 (48 ppb) 50µg/m3 (20 ppb) 500µg/m3 (190 ppb) CO 8 HRS 1 HR 10 mg/m3 (9 ppm) 40 mg/m3 (35 ppm) 8 HRS 1 HR 10mg/m3 (9 ppm) 30 mg/m3 (25 ppm) NOx ANNUAL MEAN 100µg/m3 (50 ppb) ANNUAL MEAN 1 HR 40 µg/m3 (20 ppb) 200 µg/m3 (105 ppb) O 3 1 HR 8 HRs 235µg/m3 (120 ppb) 160µg/m3 (80 ppb) 8 HRS 100µg/m3 (50 ppb) PM 10 24 HRS Annual Mean 150µg/m3 50µg/m3 ANNUAL MEAN 24 HRs 20 µg/m3 50 µg/m3 TSP 24-HRS 260  g/m 3 24-HRS 150-230  g/m 3

21. AMBIENT AIR AND VEHICULAR CORRIDOR TSP LEVELS US EPA Permissible Limit for TSP is 260 ug/m3 (24 Hrs) US EPA Permissible Limit for TSP is 260 ug/m3 (24 Hrs) TSP level In Ambient air (2003-2004) TSP level on Vehicular Corridor( 2005 CDGK Study)

22. AMBIENT AIR AND VEHICULAR CORRIDOR PM10 LEVELS US EPA Permissible Limit for PM10 is 150 ug/m3 (24 Hrs basis) PM10 level In Ambient air (2003-2004) TSP level on Vehicular Corridor ( 2005 CDGK Study)

23. US EPA Limit of CO (8hr.) is 10 ppm CO LEVELS IN AMBIENT AIR

24. SO 2 LEVELS IN AMBIENT AIR USEPA Permissible Limit (24h) for SO 2 is 140 ppb (365  g/m 3 )

25. NOx LEVELS IN AMBIENT AIR & ON VEHICULAR CORRIDORS USEPA Permissible Limit for NOx is 53 ppb (Annual Mean) NOx level In Ambient air (2003-04) NOx level on Vehicular Corridor ( 2005 CDGK Study)

26. USEPA Permissible Limit for O 3 is 80 ppb(8 hrs) O 3 LEVELS AMBIENT AIR

27. Site wise Comparison of HC-Methane at Karachi

28. Site wise Comparison of HC-Non Methane at Karachi

29. Site wise Comparison of Lead at Karachi USEPA Quarterly Avg. standard limit for lead is 1.5 ug/m 3

30. Mean Concentration (24 hrs) of TSP in Six Major Cities US EPA Permissible Limit for TSP is 260 ug/m3 (24 Hrs)

31. Mean Concentration (24 hrs) of PM10 in six Major Cities US EPA Permissible Limit for PM10 is 150 ug/m3 (24 Hrs basis)

32. Mean Concentration (24 hrs) of NOx as NO2 in six Major Cities USEPA Permissible Limit for NOx is 53 ppb (Annual Mean)

33. Mean Concentration (24 hrs) of SO2 in six Major Cities

34. US EPA Limit of CO (8hr.) is 10 ppm Mean Concentration (24 hrs) of CO in six Major Cities

35. USEPA Permissible Limit for O 3 is 80 ppb(8 hrs) Mean Concentration (24 hrs) of Ozone in six Major Cities

36. Mean Concentration (24 hrs) of HC-Methane in six Major Cities

37. Mean Concentration (24 hrs) of HC-Non Methane in six Major Cities

38. Corridor 1. Merewether Tower  Mawlvi Musafir Khana  Tibbet Center  M.A. Jinnah Road/Garden Road Intersection  Old Numaish  Guru Mandir  Tin Hatti  Liaqatabad # 10  Karimabad  Sohrab Goth  Super Highway Corridor 2. Merewether Tower  Burns Road  Garden Road/Preedy Street Intersection  Empress Market  Finance & Trade Center  Sharae Faisal  Drigh Road  Malir  Landhi  National Highway Corridor 3. Merewether Tower  Ziauddin Road and Chundrigar Road Intersection  Metropole Hotel  Finance & Trade Center  Sharae faisal  Drigh Road  Gulshan Chowrangi  Sohrab Goth Corridor 4. Merewether Tower  Teen Talwar  Sunset Boulevard  Korangi/Baloch Colony Intersection  Darul Uloom Road Korangi Industrial Area  Landhi Industrial Area  Port Qasim  Steel Mills  National Highway  Toll Plaza (Malir River Crossing)  Super Highway Corridor 5. Merewether Tower  Karachi Port Trust  Mauripur Road  Gul Bai Intersection  Ghani Chowrangi  Nazimabad  North Nazimabad  Sohrab Goth Corridors based on Traffic Flow

39. Corridors for Pollution Modeling

44. Vehicular Air Pollution in Karachi, high pollutants levels affect the human health, deteriorate the physical environment. Transport Mismanagement verse the existing situation. Efficient Mass Transport system may be the good solution for better environment. Efficient mass transit system