1. Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY
(7th Ed)
Chapter 11
Intelligence
James A. McCubbin, PhD
Clemson University
Worth Publishers
2. Origins of Intelligence
Testing
Intelligence Test
a method of
assessing an
individual’s mental
aptitudes and
comparing them
to those of others,
using numerical
scores
3. Origins of Intelligence
Testing
Mental Age
a measure of intelligence test
performance devised by Binet
chronological age that most typically
corresponds to a given level of
performance
child who does as well as the average
8-year-old is said to have a mental age
of 8
4. Origins of Intelligence
Testing
Stanford-Binet
the widely used American
revision of Binet’s original
intelligence test
revised by Terman at Stanford
University
5. Origins of Intelligence
Testing
Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
defined originally the ratio of
mental age (ma) to chronological
age (ca) multiplied by 100
IQ = ma/ca x 100)
on contemporary tests, the average
performance for a given age is
assigned a score of 100
6. What is Intelligence?
Intelligence
ability to learn from experience,
solve problems, and use
knowledge to adapt to new
situations
7. What is Intelligence?
Factor Analysis
statistical procedure that identifies clusters of
related items (called factors) on a test
used to identify different dimensions of
performance that underlie one’s total score
General Intelligence (g)
factor that Spearman and others believed
underlies specific mental abilities
measured by every task on an intelligence
test
8. Are There Multiple
Intelligences?
Savant Syndrome
condition in which a person otherwise
limited in mental ability has an exceptional
specific skill
computation
drawing
9. Are There Multiple
Intelligences?
Social Intelligence
the know-how involved in
comprehending social situations and
managing oneself successfully
Emotional Intelligence
ability to perceive, express, understand,
and regulate emotions
10. Intelligence and
Creativity
Creativity
the ability to produce novel and
valuable ideas
expertise
imaginative thinking skills
venturesome personality
intrinsic motivation
creative environment
11. Brain Function and
Intelligence
People who can
perceive the
stimulus very
quickly tend to
score somewhat
higher on
intelligence tests
Stimulus Mask
Question: Long side on left or right?
12. Assessing Intelligence
Aptitude Test
a test designed to predict a person’s
future performance
aptitude is the capacity to learn
Achievement Test
a test designed to assess what a person
has learned
13. Assessing Intelligence
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
(WAIS)
most widely used intelligence test
subtests
verbal
performance (nonverbal)
14. Assessing Intelligence:
Sample Items from the WAIS
VERBAL PERFORMANCE
General Information Picture Completion
Similarities Picture Arrangement
Arithmetic Reasoning Block Design
Vocabulary Object Assembly
Comprehension Digit-Symbol Substitution
Digit Span
From Thorndike and Hagen, 1977
15. Assessing Intelligence
Standardization
defining meaningful scores by comparison
with the performance of a pretested
“standardization group”
Normal Curve
the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that
describes the distribution of many physical
and psychological attributes
most scores fall near the average, and fewer
and fewer scores lie near the extremes
18. Assessing Intelligence
Reliability
the extent to which a test yields consistent
results
assessed by consistency of scores on:
two halves of the test
alternate forms of the test
retesting
Validity
the extent to which a test measures or
predicts what it is supposed to
19. Assessing Intelligence
Content Validity
the extent to which a test samples the
behavior that is of interest
driving test that samples driving tasks
Criterion
behavior (such as college grades) that a
test (such as the SAT) is designed to
predict
the measure used in defining whether
the test has predictive validity
20. Assessing Intelligence
Predictive Validity
success with which a test predicts the
behavior it is designed to predict
assessed by computing the correlation
between test scores and the criterion
behavior
also called criterion-related validity
21. Assessing Intelligence
Football 10 Greater correlation
linemen’s
9
over broad range
of body weights
As the range of
success
8 data under
7
consideration
6
5
narrows, its
4
Little corre-
lation within predictive
3 restricted
range power
2
1
diminishes
0
180 250 290
Body weight in pounds
22. The Dynamics of
Intelligence
Mental Retardation
a condition of limited mental ability
indicated by an intelligence score below 70
produces difficulty in adapting to the demands
of life
varies from mild to profound
Down Syndrome
retardation and associated physical disorders
caused by an extra chromosome in one’s
genetic makeup
24. Genetic Influences
The most
genetically
similar
people have
the most
similar
scores
25. Genetic Influences
Heritability
the proportion of variation among
individuals that we can attribute to
genes
variability depends on range of
populations and environments studied
28. Group Differences
Group differences and environmental impact
Variation within group
Variation within group
Seeds
Poor soil Fertile soil
Difference within group
29. Group Differences
The Mental Rotation Test
Which two of the other circles contain a configuration of blocks
identical to the one in the circle at the left?
Standard Responses
30. Group Differences
Stereotype Threat
A self-confirming concern that one
will be evaluated based on a
negative stereotype