The document summarizes multiple natural disasters including earthquakes, tsunamis, and floods. It provides details about two specific tsunamis - the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami caused by a 9.3 magnitude earthquake that killed over 230,000 people across 14 countries, and the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami in Japan with a tsunami reaching heights of 30 meters. The document also discusses the impacts of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster following the Japanese tsunami, including explosions at reactors and the evacuation of over 180,000 people from the area.

1. MULTIPLE DISASTERS
tsunami
earthquake
flood
AN AWARENESS

2. pnrao

3. pnrao
Marina beach after Tsunami 26 December 2004

4. Tsunami affected countries
pnrao

5. pnrao
Coast of Sumatra 2 Jan 2005

6. TSUNAMI 26 December 2004
• Indian Ocean earthquake caused tsunami of magnitude 9.3
Richter scale as recorded in seismograph.
• Fast rupture of tectonic plates caused fast surface slip to
the extent of 50 meters.
• Due to horizontal movement between the tectonic plates,
the sea floor estimated to have risen by several metres,
displacing an estimated 30 cubic kilometres of water
triggering devastating tsunami waves.
• It was ‘under sea mega thrust’ that occurred at 00:58:53
on Sunday, 26 December 2004, with an epicenter off the
west coast of Sumatra Indonesia.
pnrao

7. • The earthquake was caused by tectonic plate
sliding /subduction, Indian plate sliding under
overriding Burma plate.
• It triggered a series of devastating tsunamis along
the coasts of most landmasses bordering the
Indian Ocean, killing over 230,000 people in
fourteen countries, and inundating coastal
communities .
• Tsunami waves were up to 30 meters (98 feet)
high.
• It was one of the deadliest natural disasters as
recorded.
• Indonesia was the hardest-hit country, followed by
Sri Lanka, India(Andaman, Nicobar) and Thailand.
pnrao

8. • Tsunamis are much more frequent in the Pacific Ocean
because of earthquakes in the ‘Ring of fire’ and an effective
tsunami warning system is functioning there.
• The extreme western edge of the Ring of Fire extends into the
Indian Ocean and no warning system existed at the point
where this earthquake struck.
• The Pacific Ring of Fire is an area where a large number of
earthquakes volcanic eruptions occur in the basin of the Pacific
ocean . In a 40,000 km horseshoe shape is associated with
series of oceanic trenches, volcanic arcs ,volcanic belts and
tectonic plate movements.
• First phase of tsunami involved a rupture about 400
kilometres in length and 100 kilometres width, located 30
kilometers beneath the sea bed. This was the largest rupture
ever known to have been caused by an earthquake.
• The rupture proceeded at a speed of about 10,000 km/hr.
• Beginning off the coast of Aceh it proceeded north-west over a
period of about 100 seconds.
pnrao

9. • Second phase of Tsunami occurred after 100 seconds gap
before the rupture proceeded northwards towards the
Andaman and Nicobar islands .
• However, the northern rupture occurred more slowly than the
south, at 7,500 km/h.
• further it Proceeded north for span of another five minutes to
a plate boundary where the fault type changed from
subduction to strike slip (the two plates slide past one)
• Police officials said that more than 10,000 people have died.
• Over 400,000 people have been moved to evacuation centers
in schools and public buildings
• 100,000 national defense members were dispatched to lead the
aid efforts
• 120,000 blankets, 120,000 bottles of water and 110,000 liters
of gasoline plus food was collected and sent to community
centers and shelters
pnrao

10. • The energy released on the Earth's surface
only was estimated at 26 megatons of TNT.
• This energy is equivalent to over 1500 times
that of the Hiroshima atom bomb attack but
less than that of Tsar bomb attacks, the
largest nuclear weapon ever detonated.
• Energy released by this quake was over
360,000 times more than its ME, equivalent to
9,600 giga tons of TNT equivalent or 550
million times that of Hiroshima or about 370
years of energy usage at 2005 level in USA.
pnrao

11. • Relief agencies reported that one-third of the dead
appeared to be children because children were the
least abled to resist being overcome by the surging
waters.
• Oxfam reported that as many as four times more
women than men were killed in some regions
because they were waiting on the beach for the
fishermen to return and looking after their children
in the houses.
• large number of local residents, about
9,000 foreign tourists ,mostly Europeans, enjoying
the peak holiday season were among the dead or
missing.
• Presently Real- time Earthquake Map help in
identifying latest earthquake information.
pnrao

12. JAPAN TSUNAMI 11 March 2011
pnrao
• Over 200000 homes were destroyed.
• Oil Refinery tanks exploded after the earthquake hit japan with 8.9
magnitude.
• Tsunami came in less than an hour after the tsunami warning was
given.
• People were not able to evacuate to higher ground due to tsunami
that hit fast. The survey found that delay in passing on information
meant that awareness of the accident was initially very low amongst
residents.
• Whirlpool developed in sea developed seriousness in tsunami
• Residents said they had often been assured of the safety of nuclear
power, and thought that an accident could never occur.
• It was hard for older people, especially those with medical
conditions to escape , some of whom succumbed.

13. • The earthquake and tsunami have knocked out the main cooling
systems and backup generators at three units in Daiichi and the
three units at the Fukushima Daini complex.
• First explosion was on Saturday at the plant’s Unit 1, injuring
four workers and resulting in mass evacuations.
• Second hydrogen explosion was on Monday at Unit 3, injuring
11 workers and the blast was felt 40 kilometers away.
• Over 180,000 people were evacuated from the area surrounding
the nuclear plant.
• 160 people might have exposed to radiation.
• ‘Recriminations and proper compensation aside, the focus now
must be on ensuring that this never happens again, which for
many people implied to keep aloof from nuclear power’ ; This
was the overwhelming feeling in Japan, and it hasn’t reduced
since the accident.
pnrao

14. Green peace report
• Some hospitals in Fukushima Prefecture ‘had to suspend
services because hundreds of doctors and nurses in the
area resigned to avoid radiation.
• Patients from one hospital and a nearby home for the
elderly were sent to shelters: 45 of 440 patients died after
staff fled.
• In another incident, more than 90 elderly people were left
without care- givers.
pnrao

15. Facts about the Japan Earthquake and Tsunami
• Magnitude, according to USGS: 9.0 ritcher scale.
• Speed at which the Pacific Plate smashed into the Japanese island
arc: 8.9 centimeters per year.
• Speed at which the San Andreas Fault in California is slipping: about
4 centimeters per year.
• Size of the rupture along the boundary between the Pacific and
North American plates: 290 kilometers in length , and 80 kilometers
across the region.
• Approximate length of Honshu island: 1,300 kilometers
Years since an earthquake of this magnitude has hit the plate
boundary of Japan: 1,200
• Duration of strong shaking reported from Japan: three to five
minutes
• Greatest distance from epicenter that visitors to the USGS Web site
reported feeling the quake: About 2,000 kilometers
• Distance that the island of Honshu appears to have moved after the
quake: 2.4 meters.
• Change in length of a day caused by the earthquake's redistribution
of Earth's mass: 1.8 microseconds shorterpnrao

16. • Normal seasonal variation in a day's length: 1,000
microseconds.
• Depth of the quake: 24.4 kilometers.
• Range of depths at which earthquakes occur in Earth's crust:
0 – 700 kilometers.
• Top speed of a tsunami over the open ocean: About 800
kilometers per hour.
• Normal cruising speed of a jetliner: 800 kilometers per hour.
• Length of warning time Sendai residents received before
tsunami hit: eight to 10 minutes.
• Number of confirmed foreshocks to the main shock: four.
• Magnitudes of the confirmed foreshocks: 6.0, 6.1, 6.1 and
7.2.
• Number of confirmed aftershocks: 401.
• Worldwide average annual number of earthquakes over
magnitude 6.0: 150 pnrao

17. pnrao

18. pnrao

19. pnrao
Fire in Nuclear power plant

20. pnrao
Cars in debris

21. pnrao
FIRE IN NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

22. pnrao
WHRILPOOL NOTICED DURING TSUNAMI

23. pnrao

24. pnrao
Debris afterrmath disaster

25. pnrao

26. pnrao

27. Achnowledgement
References for further reading:
• http://www.globalgiving.co.uk/projects/help-orphans-in-
japan-
• http://photosoftsunamiinjapan.blogspot.in/
• http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2004/us
2004slav/
• http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=fast-
facts-japan
• http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2011/03/14/japan-
nuclear-031411.html
• http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/15/world/asia/15japan.
html?hp
pnrao

28. Thank you
Potlacharla
.N.Rao
rao7sai@yahoo.co.in
pnrao