1. Welcome to Microprocessor

2. MICROPROCESSORMICROPROCESSOR
DEFINITIONDEFINITION
A microprocessor is a tiny piece of silicon with millions of microscopic
Interconnected transistors etched onto it. This circuitry is divided into
sections with specific functions, which together perform the task of most
electronic devices –from calculators to cell phones to supercomputer.
While there are different types of microprocessors, they all share some
Basic principles and functions.

3. HistoryHistory
The first commercial mc was the INTEL 4004 which appeared inThe first commercial mc was the INTEL 4004 which appeared in
1971. It was originally designed for use in a calculator. The1971. It was originally designed for use in a calculator. The
4004 is referred to as 4-bit mc since it processed only 4 bit of4004 is referred to as 4-bit mc since it processed only 4 bit of
data at time and was used in calculators.data at time and was used in calculators.
as integrated densities increased with the rapidas integrated densities increased with the rapid
development of integrated circuit manufacturing technology, thedevelopment of integrated circuit manufacturing technology, the
power and performance of mc also increased. This is reflectedpower and performance of mc also increased. This is reflected
in the increase in the CPU word size to 4,8,16 and by midin the increase in the CPU word size to 4,8,16 and by mid
1980s,32 bits.1980s,32 bits.
The INTEL 4004 was followed with ,among other theThe INTEL 4004 was followed with ,among other the
4040,8008,8080,8086,80186,80286,80386,486and Pentium.4040,8008,8080,8086,80186,80286,80386,486and Pentium.

4. Intel corporation microprocessorIntel corporation microprocessor
chipschips
MICROPROCESSOR
YEA
R SPEED WORD LENGTH
TRANSISTO
RS MIPS
Intel 4004 1969 108 KHz 4-bit 2,300 0.06
Intel 8008 1972 200 KHz 8-bit 3,500 0.06
Intel 8080 1974 2 MHz 8-bit 6,000 0.64
Intel 8086 1978 4.47 MHz 16-bit 29,000 0.66
Intel 8088 1981 4.47 MHz 16-bit 29,000 0.75
Intel 80286 1982 12 MHz 16-bit 134,000 2.66
Intel 80386 1985 16-33 MHz 32-bit 275,000 4
Intel 80486 (i486) 1989 20-100 MHz 32-bit 1.2 Million 70
Intel 80586 (Pentium) 1993 75-200 MHz 32-bit 3.3 Million 126 - 203
Intel Pentium Pro 1995 150-200 MHz 32-bit 5.5 Million 300
Intel Pentium MMX 1997 166-233 MHz 32-bit 4.5 Million -
Intel Pentium II 1997 233-450 MHz 32-bit 7.5 Million -
Intel Pentium III 1999 450-933 MHz 32-bit
Over 9.5
Million -
Intel Itanium Processor 2000 1 GHz 64-bit 15,000,000 1,200

5. Internal StructureInternal Structure
The CPU is divided into two parts BIU and EU ,that speed up
the processing.

6. Bus interface unitBus interface unit
► It sends out addresses ,fetch instruction from memory,It sends out addresses ,fetch instruction from memory,
reads data from memory & write data to port and memory.reads data from memory & write data to port and memory.
It handles all transfer of data & addresses on the bus forIt handles all transfer of data & addresses on the bus for
execution unit.execution unit.
Execution unit
Tells the BIU where to fetch instructions or
Data from, decode instructions & execute instructions.

7. Components of structureComponents of structure
► BUSBUS:-various i/o devices & memory devices are connected:-various i/o devices & memory devices are connected
to CPU by buses.to CPU by buses.
► Address busAddress bus :-carries the add of memory location or i/o:-carries the add of memory location or i/o
devices the CPU want to access.devices the CPU want to access.
► Data busData bus:- used to carry transform data b/w processor ,:- used to carry transform data b/w processor ,
memory and i/o.memory and i/o.
► Control busControl bus:- carries signals for various operations.:- carries signals for various operations.
► flag register(16-bit)flag register(16-bit):-:- iindicate some conditions produced byndicate some conditions produced by
the execution of an instructions or control some operationsthe execution of an instructions or control some operations
of EUof EU..
► RegisterRegister:-:-these can be used individually to store 8-bitthese can be used individually to store 8-bit
data. These are the temporary storage of data & accesseddata. These are the temporary storage of data & accessed
quickly.quickly.

8. ►QueueQueue :- contains the next instructions for:- contains the next instructions for
CPU.CPU.
►Stack pointerStack pointer:- 16-bit register that hold the:- 16-bit register that hold the
address of stacktop.address of stacktop.

9. Where computing happens

10. componentscomponents
The L2/L3 Cache provides a large capacity
(1MB-4MB) for storing the data on-chip. It is
slower than the Data Cache and Instruction Cache
and takes about 10-25 cycles to access. It is
probed when the requested data is not present in
the Instruction Cache or the Data Cache.
The Instruction Cache is a small storage
structure ( 32KB) that can be accessed quickly
(typically in 1-2 processor cycles). Instructions
from the program are temporarily stored in the
Instruction Cache. This reduces the likelihood of
getting instructions from other on-chip storage or
from outside the chip, which typically stops the
processor for tens or hundreds of cycles.

11. Data cache & register fileData cache & register file
The Data Cache is a temporary storage for input data.
The Data Cache is typically small (32KB) and can be
accessed quickly (in 2-3 processor cycles). If the requested
data is not available in the Data Cache, the data is
searched in other larger on-chip structures or main memory
which typically incurs a delay of tens to hundreds of
processor cycles. The Data Cache also provides a fast
storage for writing the output data generated from the
processor.
The Register File is a fast storage (1-2 cycles) that
is very small (32B-128B). the Register File is a part
of the Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) defining the
math and logic instructions usable by the software and
implemented by the hardware. The Register File is managed
entirely by the software, and the requested data is guaranteed
to be present in the Register File. The registers in a Register
File are used for data elements that are used very frequently .

12. Instruction fetch & decode unitInstruction fetch & decode unit
The Instruction Fetch unit probes the
Instruction Cache and obtains the next instruction
to be executed.
The Decode Unit parses the instructions from the
Instruction Fetch into three fields: The operation to be
executed (e.g. ADD, BRANCH); the location of the
input data (e.g. register or memory); and the
destination of the output data. The Decode Unit
produces the control signals for other stages of the
microprocessor so that they can perform the operation
requested by the particular instruction

13. Read operand/ ALU /FloatingRead operand/ ALU /Floating
point unitpoint unit
The Read Operands unit reads the input data on which the
operation is to be performed. The operands may be located in
the register file or memory. If the operand is located in memory,
the read unit requests the data from the Data Cache. If the
requested data is not present in the data cache, the Read
Operands delays the instruction until all the input operands are
available.
The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) performs the simple
arithmetic and logic operations on the operands from the read
stage.
The Floating Point Unit (FPU) handles arithmetic operations on
high-precision numbers. It also performs more advanced arithmetic
operations such as square root, trigonometry and logarithms. The
output of the ALU and FPU is written to the Register File or the
Data Cache

14. ConclusionConclusion
At end we can say that theAt end we can say that the
microprocessor Is the heart andmicroprocessor Is the heart and
brain of a system that control allbrain of a system that control all
major operations of the system.major operations of the system.

15. Thank youThank you
Any queryAny query