No other place on earth can the failed effects of European colonialism be displayed than the broken continent of Africa. The “dark continent” lured European powers to balkanization of the continent and exploitation of its vast resources; more so, the mass effects of such “divide-and-conquer” politics and colonization of Africa can most accurately be depicted and drawn from the historical contexts of the Congo kingdom. From King Leopold II to the Western backed rule of Mobutu Sese Seko and the current mineral grab by multinational corporations, the Congo has and continues to be both economically and socially exploited. Hope of sustainable democracy in Africa and specifically in the Congo can not be established until the Congolese take pride in an unified culture (ex., American patriotism), nationalize their mineral resources, and an international governance board (ex,. Board of Director’s) is established. The DRC, with the support of the international community (America, UN, IMF, World Bank), needs to be included in a Marshall Plan and adopt a Monroe Doctrine, only than can the Congo become economically and socially independent.

1. The Democratic Republic of the Congo Policy Frameworks: From Conflict Minerals and Resources to Fair Trade and Sustainable Minerals

2. Thesis Argument Sustainable democracy in Africa, specifically in the Congo, can not be established until the Congolese people become unified under stable government, take precedence over their resources, and launch an international governance board to oversee development of the Congo state.

3. Favorite Quote “From the colonial era, the major legacy Europe left for Africa was not democracy as it is practiced today in countries like England, France and Belgium; it was authoritarian rule and plunder. On the whole continent, perhaps no nation has had a harder time than the Congo in emerging from the shadow of its past.” - King Leopold’s Ghost, AdamHochschild

4. Key Terms of the Failed Congo State Imperialism Raubwirtschaft: German for “plunder economy” Kleptocracy Exploitation

5. Scramble for Africa European surplus capital was often more profitably invested overseas, where cheap labor, limited competition, and abundant raw materials made greater premiums possible Another inducement to imperialism arose from the demand for raw materials unavailable in Europe, such as copper, cotton, rubber, palm oil, cocoa, diamonds, tea, and tin

6. King Leopold II King Leopold II ruled the Congo from 1885-1908 as his personal fiefdom and business venture Forced labor, enslavement and mutilation of the native population was common The Encyclopedia Britannica estimates the population loss at somewhere between 8 million and 30 million people.

7. Belgian Congo “The elimination of the more brutal aspects of the Congo Free State notwithstanding, Belgian rule remained conspicuously unreceptive to political reform. By placing the inculcation of Western moral principles above political education and welfare benefits above the apprenticeship of social responsibility, Belgian policies virtually ruled out all initiatives designed to foster political experience and responsibility among Africans.” -Encyclopedia Britannica

9. Framework Opportunities Stimulate local and regional development Develop Democratic government Renegotiation of Trade Agreements Increased standard of living Implementation of renewable energy resources Stimulate continual improvement in the sustainability of supply chain

10. The 3 Part Framework To truly overcome the conflict minerals curse in eastern Congo, a more comprehensive approach will be necessary; one that embraces a significant, sustained, and long-term investment in the Congo’s security, governance, and livelihoods over a multi-year timeframe

11. Initiative One Establish International Governance Board to oversee the development of the DRC DRC Marshall Plan

12. Initiative Two Temporary Nationalization of Conflict Minerals Joint-Venture Partnerships DRC Marshall Plan

13. Initiative Three The DRC can become a world exporter of clean, renewable energy, as infrastructure develops it would be based on these energy sources instead of natural gas, coal, and oil, thus becoming one of the first “clean” developed nations in the world

14. Conclusion Hundreds of millions of dollars, if not, billions are being systematically spent on Congo initiatives but have provided little benefit to to Congolese people. This is do to lack of coordination between groups, civil unrest, and continued exploitation by multinational companies. Annual reports on the condition of the Congo state are of little use, what is needed is a concerted effort by the international community to develop the Congo state!

15. What’s Left to do Reorganization of paper, “flow” Focus on and define key terms More depth to my three initiative proposals Find place for differing view points

16. My Writing Process Technical, suited for political and business purposes Tend to work best under pressure I write papers that are random pieces of thought with little flow and then go back and edit, putting the pieces together