1. Logical Arguments

3. Aristotle

4. Two Kinds of Logical
Appeal

5. Hard Evidence

6. Reason
and
Common
Sense

7. Hard
Evidence
Statement + Proof

8. Hard
Evidence
Claim + Supporting Evidence

9. Hard
Evidence
Facts + Authority

10. Hard
Evidence
Statistics

11. 1Youth ages 5-19 from July 1, 1999, to June 30, 2000. Data are preliminary and subject to change.
2Youth ages 5-19 from July 1, 1999, to June 30, 2000.
3Youth ages 5-19 in the 2000 calendar year.
NOTE: quot;At schoolquot; includes on school property, on the way to or from school, and while attending or
traveling to or from a
school-sponsored event.
SOURCE: Data on homicides and suicides of youth ages 5-19 at school and total school-associated
violent deaths are from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1992-2002 School-
Associated Violent Deaths Surveillance Study, previously unpublished tabulation (August 2003); data
on suicides of youth ages 5-19 are from the CDC, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control,
Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARST) (2003), retrieved August 2003
from http://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/wisqars; and data on homicides of youth ages 5-19 away from school
for the 1992-93 through 2000-01 school year are from the Bureau of Justice Statistics, preliminary data
(October 2003).

12. Hard
Evidence
Surveys, Polls, and Studies

14. Hard
Evidence
Testimonies, Narratives, and
Interviews

15. Reason and
Common Sense
Deduction

16. Reason and
Common Sense
Syllogism

17. Reason and
Common Sense
All humans are mortal
Nate Stearns is human
Therefore Nate is mortal

18. Reason and
Common Sense
Enthymeme

19. Reason and
Common Sense
Enthymeme = Claim + Reason

20. Reason and
Common Sense
Enthymeme = My opinion +
Commonplace

21. Reason and
Common Sense
I better buy milk because we’re
going to run out soon.

22. Reason and
Common Sense
You should do your homework
because you want to go to
college.

23. Reason and
Common Sense
Cultural Assumptions

24. Is logic enough?

25. 1. Arguments of Definition

26. 1. Arguments of Definition
2. Evaluative Arguments

27. 1. Arguments of Definition
2. Evaluative Arguments
3. Causal Arguments

28. 1. Arguments of Definition
2. Evaluative Arguments
3. Causal Arguments
4. Proposal Arguments