C.PARAMASIVAN -CONCEPTUAL BACKGROUND OF WOMEN EMPOWERMENT THROUGH SHG

Vol . IV : Issue. 17

ISSN:0975-9999
Available online at www.selptrust.org
SELP Journal of Social Science
ISSN : 0975-9999
Vol IV : Issue. 17
July - Septemper 2013

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF WOMEN EMPOWERMENT THROUGH SHG
Dr.C.Paramasivan,
Assistant Professor of Commerce
Periyar EVR College, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu

ABSTRACT
Empowerment of women in the third world countries is important because the benefits will be
felt not only by the women themselves, but by their households as well. It may take a more
enlightened approach to ensure the empowerment of women in developing countries, but the returns
to their families and even the societies as a whole will be worth it. The conceptual development
of the subject matter of research shall be arranged in a chronological order. This Paper highlighted
the Conceptual framework which was earlerly undertaken by various researchers.

Key words: Empowerment, welfare programme, social systems,SHG
Introduction

Empower ment of women for social
development is a more complex process that
it appeared to be. It is now recognized that
empower ment involves advancement in
several important and related spheres to
ensur e the over all well-being of the
empowered. The Benefits derived from the
empowerment programmes must not only be
r elevant t o the needs of the intended
beneficiaries, but efforts must be made to
ensure that the target population is also able
to retain the benefits. This is particularly
significant for women.

Empowerment becomes a popular word
which dominates the overall growth and
development of any developing society. Since
Independence India has been changing in all
fields including social systems but still a
group of people still struggle to acquire equal
rights in the society. All the so-called changes
in the developing economy has not touched
the major part of their lives as the social
welfare programmes have not trickled down
to certain parts of the society.
It does not mean that the policy makers and
the government have not drawn any welfare
schemes but the schemes and programmes have
not reached in whole for whom it was designed
and hence it has lost its vigor and charm thus
not bringing any benefits to the society for
which it was planned and women sector is the
most affected population of that society.

Murlidhar A. Lokhande (2009) said that,
micro finance programme has a significant
role to play in Indian economy for booting
micro entrepreneurial activities for creating
productive assets coupled with employment
generation. So, in order to cover all the poor
households, particularly BPL households,
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there is need for providing full support by the
government, financial institutions and NGOs
to SHGs programme. So far the SHGs bank
linkage programme has been much successful
in achieving quantitative targets. The need of
the hour is to make the programme more
quantitative, that is, enriching the lives of
poor est of the poor in the context of
globalised socio – economic environment
political interference in the functioning if self
– help groups should be avoided.

reported now and then. Hence, transforming
the prevailing social discrimination against
women must become the top priority in our
policy and it must happen concurrently with
increased direct action to rapidly improve the
social and economic status of women is India.
Raghuvansh Prasad Singh (2008) said
that, the meeting at length discussed the role/
functions of federations in sustainability of
SHGs, the future structure and legal status
of the feder ations, how to ensur e the
autonomous functioning of federation ;
sour ces of financial sustainability of
federations including founds required for
capacity building and mana gement of
federations; accountability, transparency;
should federations be involved in financial
intermediation; type of common grading
system for federations; role of NGOs and
collabor ating agencies and NGOs
federations; relations with panchayat raj
institutions (PRIs) at differ ent levels,
Gover nment r ole and suppor t to the
federations and institutional mechanism for
evaluation of federations.

Mohantry B.K. (2009) observed that, rural
India is first emerging as a prospect for the
bankers. This had become possible because
banks have taken the extr a step in
rediscovering their customers. They have
stepped out from their narrow confines of
their br a nches to natur e SH Gs, which
ultimately give the feed back to the survival
and growth of banking business. This is a
good opportunity of the public sector banks
to boost the SHG movement to enable the
villages to absor b the benefits of
globalization.
Jitendra Ahirrao (2009) Explained that, the
SGHs of rural women consists of members
who are the poor, having low saving capacity
and who depend on money lender s for
meeting their consumption needs and social
obligations. Formation of women into self
help groups paved a way to develop their
economic standards, thereby building self
confidence. Women in SHGs have been
encouraged by the government as well as
NGOs to undertake self employment ventures
with locally available resources.

Tangirala.H.S.K. (2008) Explained that,
for the purpose of economic development, the
co-operatives have to form the SHGs with the
help of t he member s, incr ease their
competencies and capabilities. The support,
advice and coaching is required from the cooper atives thr ough for mal or infor mal
network, to the SHGs to get the business from
all the local people. The activities might be
deposit mobilization, recovery management
is case of credit co-operatives, procurement
and sale activities in case of manufacture –
based co–operatives. However, even the
related diversifications of the activities are
justified, provided the needs of the members
fulfilled and the ultimate goal of poverty

Muthalagu.K. (2008) noted that, what my
conclusion is that there is no doubt that status
of women in India is developing over the
per iod of time though ther e ar e many
incidence of crimes against women have been

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Shyedra.H.S. (2008) noted that, there is a
massive mobilization of women taking place
as a result of the SHG movement. The growth
of SHGs incidentally has occurred during the
economic r efor ms per iods. T he SHG
movement has a good potential to serve both
as a human face of the economic reforms as
well as contr ibute towar ds women’s
emancipation. There is a major onus on all
actors involved in SHGs promotion and
development to further intensity their efforts
in enabling SHGs to reach a mature stage.
We need a major investment in capacity
building of SHGs and proactive policies to
help overcome the constraints faced by SHGs
to integrate them fully into the development
pr ogr ammer
aimed
at
women’s
empowerment.

alleviation take place.
Amarjeet kour (2008) reveals that, it is
deducted from the present research that the
scheme of SHGs has not played a significant
role in rural development in this particulars
research area. However it is generalized that,
effective, functioning and implementation of
SHGs can lead to social change, mobilization
and involvement of people and thus, to the
over all development. This scheme in the
pr esent r esear ch has pr oblem at the
implementation level. There would be a
different situation if the local people were
pr oper ly motivated and inf or med and
implement ed whole hear tely by the
implementing agency.
Ramachandran.T. and Balakrishnan.S
(2008) noted that, SHGs have the power to
create a socio – economic revolution in the
rural areas of our country. SHGs have not only
produced tangible assets and improved living
conditions of the members. But also, helped
in changing much of their social outlook and
activities. In the study area SHGs have served
the cause of women empowerment, social
solidarity and socio – economic betterment
of the poor.

Khullar.K.K (2007) observed that, the
greatest achievement of the mahila samakhaya
is to create an awareness of the need to struggle
for a gender just society where women can lead
a life of dignity, for a gender just society where
reliant India by 2010. It has increased women’s
recognition and visibility both within the
family and community.
Pargunan.M. (2007) explained that, the
strategies above would really empower
women and bring them into the mainstream
development. If employment, income and
social security were improved, women would
automatically stronger which will lead them
to become powerful in contributing to social
and economic development of India.

Sivachithappa.K (2008) said that, A
number of important results have emerged out
of the study. These results are in contrast to
the findings of a number of earlier studies.
Some of the disagreements of this study with
the earlier studies are: the income impact of
the extr eme poor is lower, the poorest
borrowers may tend to have lower levels of
asset accumulation, borrowers taking more
number of loans generate more income, larger
organizations have larger out reach and
formal schooling is an essential critical
criterion for exerting better effect of SHGs
on income generation.

Snehalata panda (2007) noted that, women
members have played a key role in the gram
sabha decision making in matters relating to
use of forest, community land, irrigation,
marketing of local products and construction
of roads and design of work for the newly
implemented employment guarantee etc.,
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Santosh gupta (2003) noted that, the
personality of a celebrity plays an important part
in a successful endorsement. The companies
must have deep pockets to be able to afford the
best available celebrities. Recently a report
showed how co firms had gone beyond their
advertising budgets to get the best celebrities.
But the company should see whether it suits
their products & the sales results.

have saved them from social and economic
empowerment. Self help groups have saved
them from social and economic exploitation
and the additional income has provided them
moral support to initiate new changes in the
grassroots.
Vijayanthi.K.N. noted that, “Women
empowerment through self help groups a
participatory approach” attempts to explain
the process of women’s empowerment and
find out the levels of a awareness creation,
decision making self and gr oups
empowerment among women from self help
gr oups for med under compr ehensive
communit y development p r ogr amme
implemented in five slum areas of Chennai.
Empowerment should give women freedom
of choice, equal access to domestic and
community resources, opportunities and
powers, the programmes of NGOs improving
income for providing new opportunities of
skills tr a ining, additional employment
providing credit and market facilities were
the main areas of concern of SEWA.

Suneetha. R (2007) said t hat, the
empowerment of women become necessary
as they ar e almost fifty percent of the
population and are being discriminated at all
fronts. Women play a vital role in the social
and economic transformation of a country.
Kala G.S. (2004) said that, “Economic
empowerment of women through SHGs”,
highlights mahalial thittam which is being
implement in erode district since 01.05.1998
to promote self help groups over a project
period of five years in rural areas the self help
groups are not only engaged in saving internal
lending activities b ut also function as
important on health and nutrition. Literacy
education, adoption of new agricultural
practices farm and non farm sector economic
activities and help to prepare women to take
up leadership position. Till the end of may
2003, 4372 self help groups have been formed
in rural areas and 159 self help groups in
urban areas taking the total to 592 self help
groups with membership of 85,530.

Debotosh sinha (2008) s aid the,
empower ment of women for social
it appeared to be. It is now recognized that
empowerment involves an advancement in
ensur e the over all well being of the
empower ed. Benefits der ived fr om the
empowerment programmes must not only be
beneficiaries, but efforts must be ensure that
the target population is also able to retain the
benefits this is particularly significant for
women.

Rangi and Siddhuy M.S and Harjit Singh
(2002) have revealed that, women under
indira mahila yojana have borrowed both
from internal sources of self help group, and
banks for productive and non productive.
Purpose which have benefited directed and
indirectly their economic empowerment self
help gr ou ps have saved women fr om
exploitative money lenders and land lords and

Tygai.D, Mitali chatterjee (2008) noted
that, “there is a need is a need for improving
the position of women and empowering them
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with more opportunities, greater access to
resources and equal participation with in
decision making processes. Empowerment is
to share power. The different stages are power
over, power to, power with and power within.

motivation and confidence, and more say in
the family matters. Women should be willing
to take additional effort for building a mind
set which is suitable for their over all
empowerment.

Sundar raj.D, Venkata Ravi. R, Hema
latha.H.M., (2008) said that, “Women and
empowerment” empower ment of women
means enhancing awareness of individual
household and community level. This helps
women to be mor e awar e of their
constitutional, legal rights, opportunities.
Available for them to make their lines better.
Mor e impor tantly, the str ategy of
empowerment also helps women to achieve
comprehensive development.

David Jarachar.P, Usha Nandhini .S and
Shivachandran.M (2005) Noted that, though
the SHG movement has made an impact on
the lives of a number of individuals and
communities, there are many pockets of
societies which have not been involved in the
movement. Micro financing is yet to reach
the needy. An encouraging feature is that
several commercial banks including ICICI
have made a foray into this segment and are
actively applying the Participatory Rural
Appraisal techniques and SHG concept to
achieve rural information. But one aspect
stands ou t demanding our immediate
attention and action-rural transformation
needs to be done on a war footing.

Ranjit karmakar and Bholanath ghose
(2008) Expressed that, the “Role of women
in the self help group” is self – help groups
enhanced the quality of status of women as
par ticipa nts, decision ma ker s and
beneficiaries in the democratic, economic and
social activities, involvement of women
becomes essential. They encourage women to
take active part in the socio – economic
progress in the nation.

Pankaj Naithani (2001) viewed that, micro
financing has developed the self employment
activities in rural areas over the last twenty
year s. Micr o financing mea ns making
provisions for smaller working capital loans
to the self employment seeking poor.
However, some strategic planners are fearing
that micro financing drive may seek. Reallocation of anti-poverty programmes like
basic health, education, infr astr uctur e
development etc., are found to be suffering
they may be true to some extent as target
beneficiaries in most of the micro finance
project are women.

Ruby J.A. James Devassia and Abraham
George ( 2009)
said tha t, women
empowerment aims enabling them to realize
their identity, aims enabling them to realize
their identity, potentiality and power in all
spheres of their lives. It has mainly five
dimensions viz., economics, political, social
/ cultur al, per sonal and familial. Each
dimension is very important because the real
empowerment of women is possible only
when a woman has increased access to
economic r esour ces, more strength and
courage for entering into the power structure,
more involvement through social / cultural
relationships and participation, more selfSELP Journal of Social Science

Stephen .J.K (2005) concluded, It is
realized that NGO’s can play a decisive role
as an effective delivery mechanism in rural
development they have innate advantage to
involve people and ensure their participation
in the agencies and fellow NGO’s is added
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advantage to them. The NGO’s are taking
keen interest in providing micro financing
poor women. The success of NGO’s in
helping rural poor to organize SHG’s for
cr edit deliver y in a way highlights the
importance of NGO-SHG’s linkage for the
betterment of the later.

increased rate of divorce , as is evident from
cases pending and cases ever increasing in
family courts to the conditions and shape
them
in their favour. Monetar y
empowerment alone will not make the women
empowered. A total empowerment is required
that is cognitive, behavioral and affective.
There is a proverb that if six to nine is okay,
then nine to six will be okay. It means that if
family life is okay, work life is better both
are related. Thus women empowerment is an
unavoidable element, if family is to be
empowered, the society is to be empowered
people. Behavioral empowerment of women
which will permit them to utilize their own
unique potential to the point of excellence.

Ashokan R.ponnar asu , kalavathi
.M.S.(2 005)
concluded,
women
empowerment depends upon the success of
women development programmer in terms of
women SHG’s. Many studies have shown
that SHG’s contribute scientifically to the
over all development of women.To
understand the level of success of SHG’, this
paper analyses the Inter-district variations of
SHG’s through performance index. Results
have shown that out of twenty-eight districts
in Tamilnadu half them performed well. As
far as Tamilnadu self help experiment has no
far been successful in few pockets.

Debotash sinha .R (2005) expressed that,
empower ment of women for social
it appeared be. It is now recognized the
empowerment involves an advancement in
ensur e the over all well-being of the
empower ed. Benefits der ived fr om the
empowerment programmer must not only be
beneficiaries, but efforts must be made to
ensure that the target population is also able
to r etain the benefits. Empowerment of
women in the thir d wor ld countr ies is
important because the benefits will be felt
not only by the women themselves but by
their households as well. It may take a more
enlightened appr oach to ensur e the
empower ment of women in developing
countries, but the returns to their families and
even the societies as a whole will be worth it.

Khanka S.S. (2006) suggested, Different
people have defined entrepreneur different
the commonest definition of an entrepreneur
is a person who organizes, manages and takes
the risk of running an enterprise. He arranges
everything required to set up an enterprise
(i.e) funds, lad people mat er ial and
machiner y. T hey entr epr eneur r etain
common character istics, Independence,
motivation, optimistic, dynamic, innovating
and risk-bearing ability.An entrepreneur
differs from a manager on various counts.
The farmer is owner where as the latter is a
servant entrepreneur are rewarded with
profit, which is highly uncertain. On the other
hand, Manager gets salary as a reward for
the ser vices r ender ed by him in the
enterprise.

Abdul raheem.A&Yasmeen sultana .H
(2005) noted that, the unemployment
problem prevalent in india sharply differs
from that which prevails in the western

Suseela menon .R (2003) said that, India
is now facing a lot of family disputes and

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nations. There are a number of possible routes
to the pr omotion of self employment
promotion and strengthening of self help
groups is one of them. So more and more self
help groups should be encouraged in order to
eradicate poverty through self employment
and at the same time empower women which
in turn lead to overall economic development.

Amarjeet Kour (2008), Self Help Group
(SHG) and Group Development, Kurushetra,
Dec. 2008, Vol.57, No.2, P.25.
Arujn. Y. Pangannavar (2008), Self Help
Groups and Poverty, Kurushetra, Dec. 2008,
Vol.57, No.2, P.12.
Ashokan.R, Ponnarasu .S , Kalavathi.M.S,
Inter District Variations in the Performance
of self-help gr oups in Tamilnadu, cooperative perspective , vol.40_No.2 , JulySep: 2005.

Lamaan s ami (2008) obser ved that
micr ofina nce has been fou nd as the
appropriate approach and effective tool for
poverty alleviation and empowerment, which
can be internalized into cooperative system
through strategic and legal support, keeping
in view long ter m sustaina bility of
microfinance within cooperative functioning.

David Jarachar. P , Usha Nandhini .S, and
Shivachandran .M , Women Entrepreneurship
leading of rural transformation , the ICFAI
Journal of Entrepreneurship Development ,
Vol.2, Vol.1, March 2005.

Conclusion

Debotash sinha.R (2005), Women in
Develop ment
(Challenges
and
Achievements) , serials publications , New
Delhi , 1st published 2005 ,
P. 3 to 19.

It has encouraged many to form SHG’s
and avail the benefit since the scheme
provides finance to a SHG rather than to an
individual borrower as earlier done under
Integrated Rural Development Programme
(IRDP). Meghalaya as one of the average state
in terms of resource base, population and
socio economic infr astr uctur e is also
experiencing similar type of upsurge in SHGbank linkage activities in recent years. The
analysis of the linkage activities in the
foregoing clearly brings some general issues
which need to be addressed.

Jitendra Ahittrao (2009), Rural Women
Empower ment T hr ough Micr ofinance,
Kurushetra, Feb 2006, Vol.57, No.4, P.23.
Kala G.S. (2004), “Economic of Women
Through Self Help Groups” Kisan Word
Nov.2004, Vol.31, No.11, P.26.
Khanka
S.S
,
Entr epr eneur,
entrepreneurial Development , S. Chand and
Company Ltd, Ram Nagar , New Delhi (2006).

Acknowledgement

Khullar K.K. (2007), Mahila Samakhya
Empower ment of Women T hr ough
Education, Kurushetra (A journal r ural
development), March 207, Vol.55, P.9.

The author is greatly thankful to UGC for
financial assistance to conduct this research
under the major research project scheme
2012-14.

Lamaan sami (2008), “ Self help groups
and rural development “ , the Indian Journal
of Commer ce, Vol.61-No.4 , OctoberDecember 2008, P. 212 to 217.

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C.PARAMASIVAN -CONCEPTUAL BACKGROUND OF WOMEN EMPOWERMENT THROUGH SHG