1. An Age of Reform Chapter 12

2. Utopian Communities (about 1840)

4. Goals of these communities:

5. Reorganize society on a cooperative basis

6. Restore social harmony

7. Believed that the world exhibited too much individualism

8. Narrow the gap between the rich and poor

9. A backlash to growing industrialization

10. Socialism and Communism become ideas that work their way into these communities’ beliefs

11. Groups

12. Temperance Movement

13. Shakers

14. Transcendentalists

15. Oneida

18. Efforts to redeem habitual drunkards

19. By 1830, it claimed to have redeemed hundreds of thousands of American drunkards

20. “Washingtonians” – group of men who quit drinking alcohol and convinced others to follow suit

21. The Temperance Movement eventually gains hundreds of thousands of followers and leads to the Prohibition Movement in the 1900s

22. Became a badge of respectability to the Northern middle class

25. Had close to 5,000 members in the 1840s

26. Settlements from Maine to Kentucky

27. Had a significant impact on those outside their community

28. Very successful economically

29. Believed that men and women were spiritually equal

30. God had a “dual personality”

31. Abandoned private property and traditional family life

32. Also took an oath of celibacy

33. Men and women lived in separate dormitories

34. Ate in communal dining halls

36. Seen as an alternative to Locke and the Unitarian church of the Revolutionary era

37. Kant, “all knowledge transcendental which is concerned not with objects but with our mode of knowing objects”

38. Key Principle:

39. Defining experience based on the inner, spiritual, or mental essence of the human

41. Thomas Carlyle

42. Samuel Taylor Coleridge

43. Victor Cousin

44. Very familiar with English Romanticism (partially why we later see the outgrowth of Romanticism in the United States)

45. Transcendental Club

46. Founded in Cambridge, Massachusetts on 8 September 1936

47. Published The Dial

48. “Transcendentalists” was originally a pejorative term, suggesting their position was beyond sanity and reason

49. Became a group of new ideas in religion, literature, culture, and philosophy until the late 1850s

50. Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nature

51. Henry David Thoreau, Walden

52. American transcendentalist principle:

54. Preached that he and his followers had become so perfect that they had achieved “sinlessness”

56. Owen promoted communitarianism as a peaceful means for ensuring workers received the wages they deserved

58. Frederick Douglass

59. Wrote a bestselling autobiography about his life as a slave

60. Met with President Lincoln during the Civil

61. Advocate for emancipation, women’s suffrage, and civil rights

62. Harriet Beecher Stowe – Uncle Tom’s Cabin

64. Launched legal and political battles against slavery in the South

65. Blacks developed a unique understand of freedom beyond their white allies

67. Some attacked abolitionists because they felt it threatened the solidarity of the Union

68. Interfering with profits in manufacturing that relied on slave labor for raw materials

69. Afraid of overturning white supremacy

70. Southerners

71. Afraid of overturning an economic system

72. Afraid of overturning a way of life

73. Afraid of overturning white supremacy

74. Mob attacks against abolitionists convinced many northerners that abolition was incompatible with the democracy ideals of the U.S. (specifically white males)

75. The point of contention for abolitionists became a battle over the right to debate slavery openly without fear of violence

77. American Colonization Society

78. Gradual abolition of slavery and settlement of black Americans in Africa

79. Similar to Indian removal; America is based on a white society

80. Black Americans adamantly opposed this

81. Insisted they were Americans too

82. President Lincoln proposes this during the Civil War

83. Militant Abolitionism

84. Demanded immediate abolition

85. Believed that slavery was sinful and a violation of the Declaration of Independence

86. However, most were pacifists and rejected violence

89. Feminism became an international movement in the 1840s

90. The public sphere was open in ways government and party politics were not

91. Women lectured in public about abolition

92. Grimke sisters

93. Frances Wright

94. Maria Stewart

95. Grimke sisters argued that women should be involved in:

96. Assemblies

97. Lectures

99. Raised the issue of women’s suffrage for the first time

100. Rejected the idea of women’s sphere being in the home

101. Declaration of Sentiments

102. Condemned the structure of inequality for women in America

105. Regulate their sexual activity

106. Protection from violence from their husbands

107. Individual rights

108. Broaden their rights outside the homeElizabeth Cady Stanton

109. Women’s Emancipation