6. Topology _the nurbs surface
_Manifolds
_Riemannian Manifolds
To measure distances and angles on manifolds, the manifold must be
Riemannian. A Riemannian manifold is a differentiable manifold in
which each tangent space is equipped with an inner product 〈⋅,⋅〉
in a manner which varies smoothly from point to point. Given two
tangent vectors u and v, the inner product 〈u,v〉 gives a real
number. The dot (or scalar) product is a typical example of an inner
product. This allows one to define various notions such as length,
angles, areas (or volumes), curvature, gradients of functions and
divergence of vector fields.
11. Topology _the Klein Bottle
_ A Klein Bottle is a 4-Dimensional topography that cannot be
embedded within 3-Dimensional space. The surface has some
very interesting properties, such as being one-sided, like the
Moebius strip; being closed, yet having no "inside" like a torus
or a sphere; and resulting in two Moebius strips if properly cut
in two.