The document discusses graphite production in Turkey and its position in Europe. It notes that Turkey has significant undiscovered graphite resources and production historically but currently imports most of its supply. Europe is highly dependent on imports, mainly from China, and has designated graphite as a critical material. Turkey's proximity, promising reserves, and lower costs position it to potentially supply graphite to Europe and reduce reliance on China.

1. Sait UYSAL, Spil Mining Ltd.
GRAPHITE IN TURKEY AND ITS POSITION IN
EUROPE
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March 2012

2. Graphite At a Glance
 The mineral graphite is one of the allotropes, and pure form of carbon.
 Allotropes of carbon are;
- Graphite
- Diamond
- Coal
 Graphite is;
- Excellent HEAT conductor
- Excellent ELECTRICITY conductor
- Heat resistant
- Corrosion resistant
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3. GRAPHITE TYPES
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4. Applications by Graphite Type
Type of Graphite Application
Synthetic Graphite Friction Materials, Energy Materials, Powder Metallurgy,
Electrical Components, Carbon Brushes and Parts, Thread
Compounds, Drilling Mud Additives, Rubber and Polymer
Composites, Packings & Seals.
Natural Graphite
Amorphous Grap. Lubricant Additives, Friction Materials, Pencils, Refractories,
Paints, Rubber and Polymer Composites, Metal Covers, Thread
Compounds, Drilling Mud Additives.
Flake Graphite Friction Materials, Energy Materials, Powder Metallurgy,
Electrical Components, Carbon Brushes and Parts, Insulation,
Thread Compounds, Drilling Mud Additives, Packings & Seals.
Vein Graphite Energy Materials, Lubricants, Grinding Wheels, Powder
Metallurgy, Electrical Components, Friction Materials, Plastics,
Carbon Brushes and Parts www.saituysal.com.tr
Source : Mackie Research Capital
March 2012

5. www.saituysal.com.tr
March 2012

6. New Graphite’s Applications
 Lithium-ion batteries
 Fuel cells
 Nuclear technology
 Plastics and composite frames (Boeing Co.'s new Dreamliner)
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March 2012

7. www.saituysal.com.tr
Saurce: Byron Capital Market
March 2012

8. Graphite in Turkey
 Majority of the graphite occurrences in Turkey is mainly “amorphous” type.
 A graphite occurrence around Balikesir city (West part of Turkey) has bigger crystalline
structure. Most promising, most graphitized and high Carbon contented graphite
mineralization explored in Balikesir, Yozgat, Konya, Kastamonu and Adıyaman cities.
 Occurrences in other places like Kutahya, Mugla, Bandirma is mostly semi graphite.
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March 2012

9. Reserves in Turkey
Reserve
Average
Place/City Quantity
C%
(Tonnes)
Yozgat > 100 000 45
Kastamonu Unknown 60
Aydin 150 000 10
İzmir - Tire – Karamersin 150 000 8
İzmir - Tire – Çeşme 200 000 6
İzmir - Tire – Başköy 150 000 10
Istanbul 150 000 30
Mersin 500 000 35
Adiyaman Unknown 45
Mugla 510 000 40-70
Kutahya-Oysu 130 000 20
Source : MTA reports
(MTA = General Directorate of Minerals Research and
Exploration)
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March 2012

10. Graphite Mineralizations Map of Turkey
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March 2012

11. Production in Turkey 1985-1999
Production Consumption
Year (tonnes) (tonnes)
1985 - 4.100,00
1986 3.586,00 4.000,00 Production (tonnes) -
1987 8.900,00 3.400,00 30.000,00
1988 12.911,00 13.000,00
25.000,00
1989 11.000,00 12.000,00
1990 18.712,00 18.712,00 20.000,00
1991 26.763,00 26.763,00 15.000,00 Production
1994 5.000,00 25.000* (tonnes) -
10.000,00
1995 5.000,00 25.000*
1996 5.000,00 25.000* 5.000,00
1997 5.000,00 25.000* 0,00
1990
1998
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1991
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998 5.000,00 25.000*
1999 5.000,00 25.000*
Source: Turkey State Planning Institute, 8th Quinquennially
Development Plan, 2001
* = Rounded roughly www.saituysal.com.tr
March 2012

12. Production in Turkey 2003-2009
Year
Production Production (tonnes)
(tonnes)
2003 0,00 3.500,00
3.000,00
2004 28,00
2.500,00
2005 0,00 2.000,00
2006 0,00 1.500,00 Production
(tonnes)
2007 1.000,00
0,00
500,00
2008 3.236,00 0,00
2009 2.400,00
Source: http://www.migem.gov.tr/links/istatistikler/2003_2009_URETIM_%20BILGILERI.mht
Migem = Turkish Republic Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources - General Directorate of Mining Affairs
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March 2012

13. Producers in Turkey
 - Bilginer Mining Ltd
- Mine in Mugla city
- Underground mine.
- After 1992 they were the only graphite producers in Turkey. Annual Production was
5,000 mt.
- Production stop after 2001
 Karabacak Mining LTD (Now Oysu Graphite).
- Mine in Kutahya City
- Underground and Open Pit mine
- Installed a flotation plant in 1992
- In 1992 graphite market was collapsed and they stop production.
- Occasionally try to run the facility after 2007 www.saituysal.com.tr
March 2012

14. Turkey Import of Graphite
HS Code
Year Trade Flow Reporter Partner (Natural Trade Value NetWeight (tonnes)
Graphite
2000 Import Turkey World 2504 $2.467.855,00 6.087,66
2001 Import Turkey World 2504 $2.526.441,00 6.430,61
2002 Import Turkey World 2504 $2.635.532,00 7.010,38
2003 Import Turkey World 2504 $2.725.770,00 7.429,34
2004 Import Turkey World 2504 $3.903.755,00 10.212,25
2005 Import Turkey World 2504 $5.255.075,00 11.956,33
2006 Import Turkey World 2504 $4.498.559,00 9.687,78
2007 Import Turkey World 2504 $5.531.200,00 11.920,36
2008 Import Turkey World 2504 $9.109.963,00 13.230,36
2009 Import Turkey World 2504 $4.863.912,00 6.792,96
2010 Import Turkey World 2504 $8.360.945,00 11.191,00
Source : United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database
(http://comtrade.un.org/db/dqBasicQueryResults.aspx?cc=2504&px=HS&r=792&y=2000.2001.2002.2003.2004.2005.2006
.2007.2008.2009.2010&p=0&rg=1&so=9999)
Source: Turkish Statistical Institute www.saituysal.com.tr
(http://www.tuik.gov.tr/disticaretapp/disticaret_ing.zul?param1=25&param2=0&sitcrev=0&isicrev=0&sayac=5902)
March 2012

15. Turkey Export of Graphite
HS Code
Year Trade Flow Reporter Partner (Natural Trade Value NetWeight (tonnes)
Graphite
2000 Export Turkey World 2504 $9.171,00 20,87
2001 Export Turkey World 2504 $3.547,00 44,71
2002 Export Turkey World 2504 $3.018,00 41,03
2003 Export Turkey World 2504 $5.514,00 40,92
2004 Export Turkey World 2504 $6.885,00 6,12
2005 Export Turkey World 2504 $45.633,00 73,82
2006 Export Turkey World 2504 $107.541,00 292,25
2007 Export Turkey World 2504 $180.928,00 471,68
2008 Export Turkey World 2504 $198.479,00 390,30
2009 Export Turkey World 2504 $188.218,00 256,94
2010 Export Turkey World 2504 $182.214,00 220,43
Source : United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database
(http://comtrade.un.org/db/dqBasicQueryResults.aspx?cc=2504&px=HS&r=792&y=2000.2001.2002.2003.2004.2005.2006.200
7.2008.2009.2010&p=0&rg=1&so=9999)
Source : Turkish Statistical Institute
www.saituysal.com.tr
(http://www.tuik.gov.tr/disticaretapp/disticaret_ing.zul?param1=25&param2=0&sitcrev=0&isicrev=0&sayac=5902)
March 2012

16. EUROPE
 - EU is up to 95% dependent on imports, mainly from China
 - recycling is very limited
 - EU determined graphite as one of the critical raw material
Main Production Main EU Import Import Dependence
Countries Sources (2006)
2007:
2008:
China 75%
China 72%
Graphite Brazil 8% 95%
India 13%
Madagascar 3%
Brazil 7%
Canada 3%
Source : European Union Report of the Ad-hoc Working Group on defining critical raw
materials
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17. Critical raw materials at EU level
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18. www.saituysal.com.tr
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19. www.saituysal.com.tr
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20. Europe Export of Natural Graphite
NetWeight
Period Trade Flow Reporter Partner Trade Value
(tonnes)
2007 Export EU-27 World $11,355,239 5,104.84
2008 Export EU-27 World $11,088,802 4,414.25
2009 Export EU-27 World $8,112,888 4,732.48
2010 Export EU-27 World $9,515,029 4,440.32
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21. Europe Import of Natural Graphite
NetWeight
Period Trade Flow Reporter Partner Trade Value
(tonnes)
2007 Import EU-27 World $70,385,114 122,663.50
2008 Import EU-27 World $102,595,611 158,653.82
2009 Import EU-27 World $47,715,833 55,339.15
2010 Import EU-27 World $87,186,397 103,187.26
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22. NetWeight
Period Trade Flow Reporter Partner Code Trade Value
(tonnes)
2007 Import Germany World 2504 $25,577,000 54,629.43
2008 Import Germany World 2504 $40,142,000 62,186.71
2009 Import Germany World 2504 $26,364,000 33,303.13
2010 Import Germany World 2504 $47,369,064 56,332.80
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March 2012

23. Conclusions
 Turkey has undiscovered, undeveloped graphite potential
 Some of the graphite potential areas is promising
 New applications also create new graphite demand (extra 500,000 mt by 2020)
 Europe depend on Import for graphite, very limited graphite potential in Europe, and graphite
along with REE and PGM was declared as critical raw material for EU.
 China is the main supplier of Europe (75%) and China has now implemented a 20% export
duty on graphite, along with a 17% VAT and an export licensing system, and this creates
supply risks. Europe has to develop new alternative suppliers
 Because of its position and closeness to Europe, low operating costs, and promising
potentials of undeveloped graphite reserves, Turkey could be an alternative supplier for
Europe
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March 2012

24. Thank You!
Sait UYSAL
Manisa/TURKEY
www.saituysal.com.tr
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March 2012