An apples-to-apples comparison of passenger vehicle emissions and fuel efficiency standards worldwide.

1. Global Comparison of Light-Duty Vehicle
Fuel Economy/GHG Emissions Standards
Update: May 2012

2. Overview of Regulation Specifications
Country or Target Unadjusted Fleet
Region! Year! Standard Type! Target/Measure! Structure! Targeted Fleet! Test Cycle!
U.S./California Fuel economy/ 34.1 mpg* or 250 Footprint-based
2016! Cars/Light trucks! U.S. combined!
(enacted)! GHG! gCO2/mi ! corporate avg.!
U.S.
Fuel economy/ 49.6 mpg* or 163 Footprint-based
(Supplemental 2025! Cars/Light trucks! U.S. combined!
GHG! gCO2/mi! corporate avg.!
Notice of Intent)!
Footprint-based
Canada (enacted)! 2016! GHG! 153 (141)*** gCO2/km! Cars/Light trucks! U.S. combined!
corporate avg.!
EU (enacted)! 2015! 130 gCO2/km! Weight-based
CO2! Cars/SUVs! NEDC!
EU (proposed)! 2020! 95 gCO2/km! corporate average!
Cars/SUVs/light
Australia
2010! CO2! 222 gCO2/km! Fleet average! commercial NEDC!
(voluntary)!
vehicles!
Japan (enacted)! 2015! 16.8 km/L! Weight-class based
Fuel economy! Cars! JC08!
Japan (proposed)! 2020! 20.3 km/L! corporate average!
Weight-class based
China (proposed)! 2015! Fuel consumption! 7 L/100km! per vehicle and Cars/SUVs! NEDC!
corporate average!
S. Korea Fuel economy/ 17 km/L or 140 gCO2/ Weight-based
2015! Cars/SUVs! U.S. combined!
(proposed)! GHG! km! corporate average!
* Assumes manufacturers fully use A/C credit
** Proposed CAFE standard by NHTSA. It is equivalent to 163g/mi plus CO2 credits for using low-GWP A/C refrigerants.
“** In April 2010, Canada announced a target of 153 g/km for MY2016. Value in brackets is estimated target for MY2016, assuming that during 2008 and 2016 the fuel
efficiency of the LDV fleet in Canada will achieve a 5.5% annual improvement rate (the same as the U.S.). This estimate is used in the accompanying charts.

3. Historical fleet CO2 emissions performance and"
current or proposed standards
270!
Solid dots and lines: historical performance! US-LDV!
250! Solid dots and dashed lines: enacted targets !
GRAMS CO2 PER KILOMETER NORMALIZED TO
Solid dots and dotted lines: proposed targets! California-LDV!
Hollow dots and dotted lines: target under study!
230! Canada-LDV!
EU!
210!
Japan!
NEDC TEST CYCLE!
190! China!
S. Korea!
170! Canada:170!
Australia!
150! Korea:150!
130!
China 2020: 117! US 2025:107!
110!
Japan 2020: 105!
EU 2020: 95!
90!
!!"
70!
2000! 2005! 2010! 2015! 2020! 2025!
!"#$%&'()*+$,)-./,$-/0/1,+$.)+23'(/$0//,$+1/()-'24$56$'(1378'(.$2,&/-$67/3$,9:/+;$,&/$,)-./,$<'33$=/$32</-4$$
!>#$?@$)(8$%)()8)$3'.&,A87,9$B/&'13/+$'(1378/$3'.&,A12CC/-1')3$B/&'13/+4$

4. Historical fleet fuel economy performance and"
current or proposed standards
65!
Solid dots and lines: historical performance!
Solid dots and dashed lines: enacted targets !
Solid dots and dotted lines: proposed targets! EU 2020: 60.6!
MILES PER GALLON GASOLINE EQUIVALENT
60! Hollow dots and dotted lines: target under study!
NORMALIZED TO US CAFE TEST CYCLE!
55! Japan2020: 55.1!
China 2020[1]: 50.1!
50!
US 2020[2]: 49.6!
45!
US-LDV!
40! Korea: 40.0!
California-LDV!
Canada-LDV!
35! Canada: 34.5!
EU!
30! Japan!
China!
25! S. Korea!
Australia!
20!
2000! 2005! 2010! 2015! 2020! 2025!
!"#$%&'()*+$,)-./,$-/0/1,+$.)+23'(/$0//,$+1/()-'24$56$'(1378'(.$2,&/-$67/3$,9:/+;$,&/$,)-./,$<'33$=/$&'.&/-4$$
!>#$?@$)(8$%)()8)$3'.&,A87,9$B/&'13/+$'(1378/$3'.&,A12CC/-1')3$B/&'13/+4$
$
$$

5. Historical fleet fuel consumption performance and current
or proposed standards
12! Solid dots and lines: historical performance!
Solid dots and dashed lines: enacted targets ! US-LDV!
KILOMETER NORMALIZED TO NEDC TEST CYCLE!
Solid dots and dotted lines: proposed targets!
11! California-LDV!
LITER GASOLINE EQUIVALENT PER HUNDRED
Hollow dots and dotted lines: target under study!
Canada-LDV!
10!
EU!
Japan!
9!
China!
8! S. Korea!
Canada:7.3!
Australia!
7!
Korea:6.4!
6!
5! China: 5.0!
US: 4.6!
Japan: 4.5!
4!
EU: 4.1!
3!
2000! 2005! 2010! 2015! 2020! 2025!
!"#$%&'()*+$,)-./,$-/0/1,+$.)+23'(/$0//,$+1/()-'24$56$'(1378'(.$2,&/-$67/3$,9:/+;$,&/$,)-./,$<'33$=/$&'.&/-4$$
!>#$?@$)(8$%)()8)$3'.&,A87,9$B/&'13/+$'(1378/$3'.&,A12CC/-1')3$B/&'13/+4$
$

6. Total and annual percentage CO2 reduction with enacted
and proposed targets
Regions are ordered according to their overall improvement/reduction rate.
** Baseline year for each regulatory period is the first year of that period. For example, the US overall reduction rate is 17% for the MY
2012-2016, and 35% for MY 2017-2025 . One cannot combine 17% and 35% to get the overall reduction rate from 2012 to 2025.

7. Total and annual percentage fuel economy improvement
with enacted and proposed targets
Regions are ordered according to their overall improvement/reduction rate.
** Baseline year for each regulatory period is the first year of that period. For example, the US overall reduction rate is 15% for the MY
2012-2016, and 46% for MY 2017-2025 . One cannot combine the two values to get the overall reduction rate from 2012 to 2025.

8. Total and annual percentage CO2 reduction with
enacted and proposed targets
270! EU! US-LDV! Japan! China!
GRAMS CO2 PER KILOMETER NORMALIZED TO
250!
230!
US baseline: 219!
$
NEDC TEST CYCLE!
210! $
$
China baseline: 185!
190!
$
"4IH$
170! $
)((7)339$
$ F4GH$
China 2015: 167! )((7)339$
150! EU baseline: 142!
Japan baseline:131! $
130! $
$
>H$ $
$
)((7)339$
$
110! D4IH$
Japan 2020: 105!
)((7)339$ US 2025:107!
EU 2020: 95!
90!
2000! 2005! 2010! 2015! 2020! 2025!
!"#$%&'()*+$,)-./,$-/0/1,+$.)+23'(/$0//,$+1/()-'24$56$'(1378'(.$2,&/-$67/3$,9:/+;$,&/$,)-./,$<'33$=/$32</-4$$
!>#$?@$)(8$%)()8)$3'.&,A87,9$B/&'13/+$'(1378/$3'.&,A12CC/-1')3$B/&'13/+4$
!D#$E((7)3$-),/$'+$1)3173),/8$7+'(.$=)+/3'(/$)1,7)3$:/-62-C)(1/$)(8$,)-./,$B)37/+4$
8

9. Thank you!
Washington • San Francisco • Brussels • Berlin • Beijing
www.theicct.org
+1 202 534 1617
www.twitter.com/TheICCT
9