Pgd full

Ma;tpd; mwpKfk;

1.1 mwpKfk;

Gj;jhapuk; Mz;Lf;Fupa mgptpUj;jp ,yf;Ffis Nehf;fp efh;e;J nry;Yk;
cyf nraw;ghLfspy; midtUf;Fk; mbg;gilf; fy;tpia toq;FtJ gw;wpa
gzp,yf;F Kjd;ik ngw;Ws;sJ. FLk;gj;jpw;Fk; r%fj;jpw;Fk; Rikfshf ,Uf;ff;
$ba kdpjh;fis FLk;gj;jpd;> r%fj;jpd; tsq;fsha; khw;WtJ fy;tp MFk;.
,t;tsT Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j fy;tpia vy;NyhuhYk; ,yFthfg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s
Kbtjpy;iy. gy;NtW tifahd cly;> csf;FiwghLfs; fhuzkhff; fy;tp
fw;gjpNy ,lh;ghLfis vjph;Nehf;Ffpd;w khzth;fSk; ek;kpilNa ,Uf;fpd;wdh;.
,th;fSk; nghJthd fy;tp ePNuhl;lj;jpy; ,izj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w
rpe;jidapd; tpisthfNt tpNrlfy;tpj;Jiw cjakhdJ. gue;J tpupe;j gu
tplag;gug;Gf;fis cs;slf;fpa xU Jiwahf midj;J ehLfspYk; ,J
tsh;r;rpaile;J tUfpd;wJ.

rhjhuz tFg;giw xd;wpy; ,Ue;J jdJ fw;wy; nraw;ghl;bid
Nkw;nfhs;tjpy; ngUksT ,lUWfpd;w khzth;fNs tpNrlNjit cilNahh; Mthh;.
,th;fs; nghJthfg; ghh;itf;FiwghL cilNahh;> Nfl;ly; FiwghL cilNahh;>
cly; cWg;Gf;fs; ghjpg;Gw;Nwhh; vd tifg;gLj;jg;gl;lhYk; ,yq;ifapy;
tpNrlNjit cilNahiug; gjpd;%d;W tifahf tifg;gLj;jp cs;sdh;.

tpNrlNjitaila khzth;fisg; Nghjpg;gjw;fhd xU fy;tp KiwikNa
tpNrlfy;tp MFk;. ,J tpNrl fw;gpj;jy; El;gq;fs;> tpNrlcgfuzq;fs;> Vida
tsq;fs; vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;fpajhfTk;> tpNrl gapw;rp ngw;w Mrpupah;fshy;
nraw;gLj;jg;gLtjhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;. xU gps;isf;F toq;fg;glf; $ba mjp cr;rkhd
fy;tpapidAk; mjd; Clhd Nkk;ghl;bidAk; toq;FtNj ,t;tpNrl fy;tpapd;
mbg;gil ,yf;fhf cs;sJ.

tpNrlfy;tp myfpy; Kw;whfg; ghh;itf;FiwghL cilNahh; jkpopy;
xypNgjr;nrhw;fis (yfu>sfu>ofu>wfu>ufu>dfu>zfu) vOJtjpy; ngUQ;rpukq;fis
vjph;Nehf;Ffpd;wdh;. rhjhuz khzth;fNs ,t;xypNgjr; nrhw;fis thrpf;f> vOjr;
rpukg;gLk;NghJ Kw;whfg; ghh;itaw;w khzth;fs; ,t;tplaj;jpy; kpfTk; rpukq;fis
vjph;Nehf;Ffpd;wdh;.

tpNrl fy;tpayF khztupilNa xypNgjr; nrhw;fis jpUj;jkhf vOJk; Mw;wiy Nkk;gLj;jy; 1

,g;gpd;dzpia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L aho;g;ghzk; gy;fiyf;foff;
fy;tpapaw;Wiwapd; gl;lg;gpd; fy;tp bg;GNshkh newpapd; ,uz;lhk; tUl
khztuhfpa Ma;thsh; jdJ gl;lg;gpd; gbg;gpd; gFjpj; Njitia epiwT nra;Ak;
KfkhfTk;> ,d;iwa etPd fy;tpg;Gyj;jpy; fw;wy; fw;gpj;jNyhL kl;Lkd;wp
fsepiyia Ma;T nra;Ak; Ma;thsdhfTk; Mrpupah; xUth; jd; tfpgq;if tpUj;jp
nra;J ,w;iwg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;w gpd;dzpapYk; nray;epiy Ma;T %ykhf
tFg;giwapd; fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nrad;KiwfspD}lhf rpwe;j milTj;jpwid
Vw;gLj;jyhk; vd;w tifapy; ,t; Ma;tpid Ma;thsh; Kd;ndLf;fpd;whh;.

1.2 Ma;Tj;jiyg;G

tpNrlfy;tp myF khztupilNa xypNgjr; nrhw;fisj; jpUj;jkhf vOJk;
Mw;wiy Nkk;gLj;jy;. (ah/a+dpad; fy;Y}up> fdp;l ,ilepiy tpNrlfy;tp myF
khzth;fSldhd nray;epiy Ma;T)

1.3 Ma;Tg; gpd;dzp

tpNrlfy;tp vd;gJ gue;J tpupe;j gy tplag;gug;Gfis cs;slf;fpa xU
Jiwahf ,d;W tsh;r;rpaile;J tUfpd;wJ. ,j;Jiwapd; gq;fspg;gpd;wp ehl;bd;
xl;Lnkhj;jf; fy;tp Kd;Ndw;wk; rhj;jpakw;wJ vd;gJ ,d;W gyuhYk; czug;gl;L
tUfpd;wJ.

Rdhkp Nghd;w ,aw;if mdh;j;jq;fs;> Aj;jk; Nghd;w fhuzq;fshy; tpNrl
NjitAila gps;isfspd; vz;zpf;if mjpfupg;ghdJ ,d;W
jtph;f;fKbahjnjhd;whfp tpl;lJ.

ghlrhiyf;fy;tpapy; jkpo;g;ghlkhdJ fl;lhaghlkhff; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,J
mwpit kl;Lky;yhky; MSikiaAk; tsh;r;rpngw itf;fpd;wJ. kdpjdJ
cs;sj;jpNy gw;gy vz;zq;fs; Njhd;Wk;. me;j vz;zq;fisj; jd;idr;
#o;e;jpUg;NghUf;Fj; njuptpf;f nkhop gad;gLfpd;wJ. NkYk; kdpjd; rpe;jpf;fTk;>
mwpit tpUj;jp nra;aTk;> eaf;Fk; jpwid Nkk;gLj;jTk;> Rakhf Mf;fq;fisg;
gilf;fTk; rthy;fis ntw;wpfukhf vjph;nfhs;sTk; nkhop gad;gLfpd;wJ.
khzth;fspd; thrpg;G> vOj;J> Nfl;ly;> Ngr;R Nghd;w jpwd;fis tsh;f;f nkhop
gad;gLfpd;wJ.


ngUk;ghYk; jkpo;g;ghlj;Jld; njhlh;GilajhfNt Vida ghlq;fs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;jtifapy; jkpo;g;ghl mwpit Nkk;gLj;j KidAk;NghJ
gy;NtW gpur;rpidfs; Vw;gLfpd;wd. ,jpy; Kf;fpakhfj; jkpopy; xypNgjr;
nrhw;fisj; jpUj;jkhf vOj Kbahik vd;wgpur;rpid ,dq;fhzg; gl;lJ.

,jd; fhuzkhf Ma;thsUf;F> tpNrlfy;tp myF khzth;fs; xypNgjr;
nrhw;fisj; jpUj;jkhf vOJk; jpwidg; ngWth; vd;w Fwpf;Nfhis Nehf;fpr;nry;y
Ntz;ba Njit fhzg;gl;lJ.

1.4 Ma;tpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;

1. fw;wy; fw;gpj;jYf;F ,ila+whf cs;s khzth;fis ,dq;fhzy;.
2. mjw;fhd fhuzq;fisf; fz;lwpjy;.
3. gpur;ridf;fhd jPh;Tfsif; fz;L gpbj;jy;.

1.5 Ma;Tg; gpur;rpid

tpNrlfy;tp myfpy; Kw;whfg; ghh;itf;FiwghL cilNahh; jkpopy; xypNgjr;
nrhw;fis vOJtjpy; ngUQ;rpukq;fis vjph;Nehf;Ffpd;wdh;. Rhjhuz khzth;fNs
,t;xypNgjr; nrhw;fis thrpf;f> vOjr; rpukg;gLk;NghJ Kw;whfg; ghu;itaw;Nwhu;
,t;tplaj;jpy; kpfTk; rpukq;fis vjph;Nehf;Ffpd;wdh;.

tpNrlfy;tp myF khzth;fs; xypNgjr; nrhw;fisj; jpUj;jkhf vOj
Kbahj jd;ikahy; mtw;iwg; gpioahfNt tpsq;fpf; nfhs;fpd;wdh;. mtw;wpd;
fUj;Jf;fSk; khw;wkilfpd;wd. ngWNgWfSk; Fiwtilfpd;wd.

,t;thwhd epiyahdJ Ma;thsuhfpa MrpupaUf;F kl;Lkd;wp Vida
Mrpupah;fSf;Fk; rthyhf mikfpd;wJ. ,ijf; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L Ma;thsuhfpa
jkpo; MrpupauJ kdjpy; khzth;fsJ ,j;jifa epiyg;ghlhdJ rpe;jidia
Vw;gLj;jpaJ. mjd; tpisthf ,k;khzth;fisAk; vjph; fhyj;jpy; fy;tpkhd;fshf
khw;wpaikf;f Ntz;Lk; vDk; Mjq;fk; Njhd;wpl> mk;khzth;fis mZf
Kw;gLfpd;wdh;.


1.6 Ma;Tf;fhd epahag;ghL

jkpopy; xypNgjr; nrhw;fisr; rupahd Kiwapy; vOj> thrpf;fj; njupahJ
tpl;lhy; gy topfspYk; gpd;dilTfis vjph;nfhs;s NeupLk;. mjhtJ njhlh;e;J
vOj;Jg;gpio tpl;Nl vOJth;. vdNt mth;fSf;Fg; Gs;spfSk; FiwthfNt
fpilf;Fk;. ,J jkpopy; kl;Lky;y Vida ghlq;fspYk; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;.
xypNgjr; nrhw;fis ,dq;fhz KbahjNghJ vOj;Jg;gpiofs; mjpfkhfp
irtrkak;> rq;fPjk; Nghd;w ghlq;fspYk; kpf;f Fiwthd Gs;spfisNa ngWth;.

NkYk; ghh;itaw;Nwhh; f.ngh.j.(rh/j)> f.ngh.j(c/j) guPl;ir vOJk; NghJ
gpnwapy; vOj;jpy; itj;Nj mt;tpilj;jhs;fs; jpUj;jg;gLtjdhy; ,th;fSf;fhd
ngWNgWfs; Fiwtila tha;g;gz;L.

,jdhy; jkpopy; xypNgjr; nrhw;fisj; jpUj;jkhf vOJk; Mw;wiy
Nkk;gLj;j Ntz;ba epiyfhzg;gl;lJ. ,t;tplh;ghl;il ePf;Ftjw;Fg; Gjpa khw;W
eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;L khzth; milit Nkk;gLj;jy; vd;gij Nehf;fhff;
nfhz;Ls;sJ ,t;tha;T.

,t;tha;tpNy nray;epiy Ma;Tf;fhd mwpKfk;> Ma;Tg;gpd;dzp> Ma;tpd;
Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;> Ma;Tg; gpur;rpid> Ma;Tf;fhd epahag;ghL vd;gd gw;wp
Nehf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,dp mLj;j ,aypy; ,yf;fpa kPsha;T gw;wp Nehf;fg;gLk;.


,yf;fpa kPsha;T

,yf;fpa kPsha;thdJ xU Ma;tpd; Kf;fpakhd gbepiyahff;
nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j kPsha;thdJ Ma;tpw;fhd mbg;gilf; Nfhl;ghl;Lr; rl;lfk;
xd;iw cUthf;Ftjw;F cWJizahf mikfpd;wJ. Ma;Tj; jiyg;nghd;iwj;
njupTnra;j gpd;dh; njhlh;e;J Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;ba gzp ,yf;fpa kPsha;thFk;.
Ma;Tj;jiyg;Gld; njhlh;Gila E}y;fs;> fl;Liufs;> gUt,jo;fs;> rQ;rpiffs;
Nghd;w gy;NtW Mtzq;fs; vd midj;J ntspaPLfisAk; Njbf;fz;Lgpbj;Jj;
Njitahd Fwpg;Gf;fisAk; Nrh;j;J Nfhl;ghl;Lr; rl;lfk; mikj;Jf;nfhs;sy;
kPsha;Tr; nraw;ghl;bd; Kf;fpa mq;fkhf mikfpd;wJ.

2.1 Ma;Tf;fhd Nfhl;ghl;Lr; rl;lfk;

2.1.1 tpNrl fy;tpapd; Njhw;wk;

tpNrlfy;tp njhlh;ghd rpe;jidahdJ cly; CdKw;wth;fspd; fy;tp kw;Wk;
mjNdhL njhlh;ghd Nkk;ghL vd;gd njhlh;ghd rpe;jidia mbnahw;wpNa
Njhw;wk; ngw;wpUg;gij ehk; fhz KbAk;.

kdpjh;fs; gy;NtW tpjq;fspy; clY}dKWjy; vd;gJ Muk;gfhyk; Kjy;
,d;Wtiu jtph;f;f Kbahjnjhd;whfNt ,Ue;J tUfpd;wJ. gz;ilf;fhyj;jpy;
cly;CdKw;wth;fs; ehl;Lf;FehL gy;NtW tpjkhf Nehf;fg;gl;L> elj;jg;gl;L
te;jhh;fs;. vdpDk; mf;fhyj;jpy; xl;Lnkhj;jkhf ,th;fspd; epiy kpfTk;
gupjhgj;Jf;Fupanjhd;whfNt fhzg;gl;lJ.

vkJ ehl;ilg;nghWj;j kl;by; ,th;fs; gadw;wth;fshfTk; r%fj;jpd;
RikfshfTk; vg;NghJk; kw;wth;fspd; jatpy; thoNtz;ba
gupjhgj;jpw;Fupath;fshfTk; Nehf;fg;gl;ldh;. Muk;gj;jpy; ,th;fsJ
fy;tpnjhlh;ghfNth tho;f;if njhlh;ghfNth vJTk; rpe;jpf;fg;gltpy;iy. kdpj
ehfupfj;jpd; tsh;r;rp fhuzkhf ,th;fs; midtiuAk; xd;Wjpul;b> Xuplj;jpy;
my;yJ xU epWtdj;jpy; itj;J czT> cil> ciwAs;> ghJfhg;G Nghd;wtw;iw
toq;fpg; guhkupf;fNtz;Lk; vd;w rpe;jid Njhd;wpw;W.


ekJ ehl;ilg;nghWj;j kl;by; cly;CdKw;wth;fspd; fy;tp njhlh;ghd
rpe;jid Mq;fpNyah; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpNyNa Njhw;wk; ngw;wjidf; fhz KbfpwJ.
nry;tp. Nkup rhg;kd; vd;gtNu ,r;rpe;jidf;Fr; nray;tbtk; nfhLj;j ngUikf;Fupa
ngz;kzpahthh;.

,yq;ifapNy tpopg;Gydw;wth;fSf;Fk; nrtpg;Gydw;wth;fSf;Fkhd
KjyhtJ tpLjpg;ghlrhiy 1912k; Mz;L uj;kyhidapy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. ekJ
jkpo;g; gpuNjrq;fisg; nghWj;jkl;by; ,jw;F kpfTk; gpw;gl;lfhyj;jpy; mjhtJ
1956k; Mz;bNyNa ifjb vd;Dk; fpuhkj;jpy; nrtpg;Gydw;wth;fSf;Fk;
tpopg;Gydw;NwhUf;Fkhd etPy;l; ghlrhiy Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

,t;tpjkhf cly;CdKw;wth;fspd; fy;tp njhlh;ghd rpe;jid tsh;r;rpapd;
xU tpupthfNt tpNrl fy;tpj;JiwahdJ tsh;r;rpngwyhapw;W.

2.1.2 tpNrl fy;tpj;Jiwapd; tsh;r;rpg; gbepiyfs;

1. 1914y; tpNrlghlrhiyfspy; fy;tp fw;gpf;Fk; Mrpupah;fspd; rk;gsj;jpy; 75 rj
tPjj;ij muR nghWg;Ngw;Wf; nfhz;lJ.

2. 1943y; fd;dq;fuh mwpf;if ntspte;jJ.

,t;twpf;ifapy; tpNrlfy;tp njhlh;ghd rpy Fwpg;Gf;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
mjhtJ ghh;itaw;wth;fshYk; fw;fKbAk; vdTk; ,th;fSf;F
gpnwapy;Kiwia gad;gLj;jNtz;Lk; vdTk; nrtpg;Gydw;wth;fSf;F
cjl;Lthrpg;GKiw %yk; fw;gpf;fNtz;Lk; vdTk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

3. 1961y; n[a#upa mwpf;if ntspte;jJ

,t;twpf;ifapy; g+uzkhd Nfl;ly; jpwdw;wth;fSf;Ff; Nfs;fUtpfs; toq;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk; vdTk; jPtpukhd FiwghLila gps;isfs; xU ghlrhiyapYk;
kpjkhd FiwghLila gps;isfs; NtnwhU ghlrhiyapYk; fy;tp fw;fyhk;
vdTk; gpuNjrj;jpYs;s FiwghLila gps;isfspd; vz;zpf;iff;F Vw;g
jdpj;jdpahd ghlrhiyfs; mikf;fg;gl;L gj;J khzth;fSf;F Xu; Mrpupah;
vd;w tPjj;jpy; mkh;j;jg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.


4. [Pd; nfd;Nkhh; mwpf;if – 1962
,t;twpf;ifapy; tpopg;Gydw;Nwhhpd; fy;tp njhlh;ghfNt mjpfkhff; Fwpg;gplg;gl;L
cs;sJ. mitahtd>
tpopg;Gydw;w gps;isfisr; rhjhuz ghlrhiyfspy; ,izj;Jf; fy;tp
fw;gpf;fyhk;.
tpopg;Gydw;w gps;isfSf;fhd Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fis xd;wpizj;J
mth;fSf;F cjt Ntz;Lk;.
Mrpupah;fSf;F tpNrlgapw;rp toq;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.
mjpfhupfSf;F mwpt+l;Ljy; Ntz;Lk;.
gps;isfSf;F cgfuzq;fs;> Gj;jfq;fs; toq;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.
ePz;l fhyj;jpw;F ,t;Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fisf;nfhz;L elj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.
,th;fs; njhlh;ghd Ma;Tfis Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.

5. 1967k; Mz;by; tpj;jpNahjahg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; tpNrlfy;tp njhlh;ghd
gl;lg;gpd;gbg;Gg; ghlnewp Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

6. 1968k; Mz;L tpopg;Gydw;w gjpNdO khzth;fs; rhjhuz ghlrhiyapy;
fy;tpgapy tpNrl Ntiyj;jpl;lnkhd;W Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

7. 1969y; mikr;ruit mwpf;if ,y.255y; FiwghLs;s gps;isfSf;Fr; rhjhuz
ghlrhiyapy; fy;tpgapw;Wk; jpl;lk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

8. 1970y; kfufk Mrpupah; gapw;rpf;fyhrhiyapy; tpopg;Gydw;w khzth;fspd; fy;tp
njhlh;ghd xuhz;Lg;gapw;rpnewp Mrpupah;fSf;F mspf;fg;gl;lJ.

9. 1971y; fy;tp mikr;rpy; tpNrl fy;tpg;gpupT muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

10. 1972y; xUKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l my;yJ xd;wpize;j fy;tpj;jpl;lk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
tpopg;Gydw;w gps;isfNs ,j;jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; mjpf gad; mile;jdh;.

11. 1976y; csf;FiwghLila gps;isfSf;Ff; fw;gpg;gjw;fhd gl;ljhup
Mrpupah;fSf;fhd tpNrl bg;GNshkh fw;ifnewp nfhOk;Gg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy;
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

12. 1979y; Nghnfhl gpNukul;z mwpf;if ntspte;jJ. ,jpy; tpNrlfy;tp
njhlh;ghfTk; kPj;jpwDila khzth;fspd; fy;tp njhlh;ghfTk;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sNjhL tpNrlfy;tp vd;why; vd;d? vd;gJ gw;wpAk; tpNrlfy;tp
rk;ge;jkhd ];jhgdq;fs; vt;thW jkJ flikfs;> nghWg;Gf;fis
Mw;wNtz;Lk; vd;gJ gw;wpAk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.


13. 1981y; fy;tp nts;isawpf;if ntspte;jJ. ,jpy; tpNrlfy;tp gw;wpg; ngupjhff;
Fwpg;gplhtpbDk;> tpNrlfy;tp njhlh;ghd mjpfhupfspd; flikfs; gw;wpf;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

14. 1985y; kfufktpy; gpnwapy; mr;rfk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

15. 1988k; Mz;L Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpy; tpNrlfy;tpf;nfdj; jdpahd Xh; myF
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

16. 1994k; Mz;L ];ngapd; ehl;bYs;s rykd;fhh; vd;Dkplj;jpy; eilngw;w
tpNrlfy;tp njhlh;ghd Kf;fpakhd kfhehl;by; ,yq;ifAk; ifr;rhj;jpl;lJ.
,jd;gpufhuk; cl;gLj;jy; fy;tpKiwapid ,yq;ifAk; Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ.

17. 1997 Gjpa fy;tpr; rPh;jpUj;jk;

nghJf;fy;tpr; rPh;jpUj;jk; - 1997 vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; nghJf;fy;tpf;Fupa
[dhjpgjpapd; Jupjnraw;FO ntspapl;l mwpf;ifg;Gj;jfj;jpd; 11tJ tplak;
rpwg;Gg;fy;tp gw;wpajhFk;. ,q;F ‘tpNrlfy;tp’ vd;gJ ‘rpwg;Gf;fy;tp’ vd
nkhopngah;f;fg;gl;Ls;sik ftdpf;fg;gl Ntz;bajhFk;. cly;> cs> r%fk;
rhh;e;j FiwghLfspdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l gps;isfSf;F cjTk;
mZFKiwfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;glNtz;Lnkdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
1997y; fhg;gpw;wpfk Njrpa fy;tpapay; fy;Y}upapy; %d;W Mz;Lfisf;nfhz;l
tpNrlfy;tpf; fw;ifnewp (fw;gpj;jypy; Njrpa bg;GNshkh) Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

18. 2003k; Mz;L Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpy; tpNrl fy;tp bg;GNshkh fw;ifnewp
rpq;fs nkhop %yk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

19. 2004k; Mz;L aho;g;ghzk; Njrpa fy;tpapaw; fy;Y}upapy; Kjd;Kjyhfj;
jkpo;nkhop %ykhd tpNrlfy;tp fw;ifnewp (fw;gpj;jypy; Njrpa bg;GNshkh)
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

20. 2005k; Mz;L jh;f;fhefh; Njrpa fy;tpapaw; fy;Y}upapy; jkpo;nkhop %ykhd
tpNrlfy;tpf; fw;ifnewp Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,Nj Mz;by; Njrpa fy;tp
epWtfj;jpy; jkpo;nkhop %ykhd tpNrlfy;tp bg;GNshkhf; fw;ifnewpAk;
Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

,t;thW ekJ ehl;bNy tpNrlfy;tpj; JiwahdJ gygupkhd
tsh;r;rpg;gbfisf; fz;L tsh;r;rpaile;J tUfpd;wikiaf; fhz KbfpwJ.


2.1.3 cl;gLj;jy; fy;tp

tpNrl NjitAila gps;isfis> rhjhuz ghlrhiyfspy;> rhjhuz
tFg;giwfspy; itj;J fw;gpj;jy; cl;gLj;jy; fy;tp vdg;gLk;. tpNrl
NjitAila gps;isfSk; ,k;kz;zpy; KOikaha; thog;gpwe;jth;fNs. me;j
tifapy;> tho;tpd; xt;nthU mk;rj;jpYk; ,ize;J nfhs;tJ my;yJ
fye;Jnfhs;tJ mth;fspd; mbg;gil cupik MFk;. ,t;Tupikia epiyehl;Lk;
cd;dj Nehf;FlNdNa cl;gLj;jy; fy;tpapd; jj;Jtq;fs; tpupfpd;wd.

rfy gps;isfSf;Fk; $l;lhff; fw;Fk; cupikAz;L. gps;isfspd; FiwghL
kw;Wk; fw;wy; ,lh;ghL fhuzkhf mth;fis tFg;giwapypUe;J ntspNaWk;
tifapy; Fiwj;J kjpg;gplNth tifg;ggLj;jNth KbahJ. ghlrhiynry;Yk;
gUtj;jpy; gps;isfis tifg;gLj;Jtjw;F mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l epahakhd fhuzk;
vJTk; fpilahJ. mt;thwhd gps;isfs; gpwpnjhUtuplkpUe;J ghJfhg;G ngwTk;
Ntz;Lk;. mj;NjhL mth;fSld; $b ,Uf;fTk; Ntz;Lk;. ,J Nghd;w rpe;jidfNs
,t;Tl;gLj;jy; fy;tpj;jj;Jtj;jpw;F tYr; Nrh;j;J epw;fpd;wd.

cl;gLj;jy; fy;tp njhlh;ghfg;
gy;NtW mwpQh;fSk; gythwhfr;
rpe;jpj;Js;sdh;. Me;j tifapy; mth;fs; ,J njhlh;ghf Kd;itj;Js;s
tiutpyf;fzq;fis Nehf;FtJ ,j;Jiw njhlh;ghd ekJ rpe;jidia NkYk;
mfyg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;sj; Jiznra;Ak;. vdpDk; ,tw;iw Kbe;j Kbthd
tiutpyf;fzq;fs; vd;Wk; ehk; nfhz;Ltpl KbahJ.

rfy tifapYk; FiwghLfisf;nfhz;;l gps;isfisg; ghlrhiyr;
rKjhaj;jpd; ngWkjp kpf;f kw;Wk;> mj;jpahtrpakhd xU r%fkhf
khw;Wk; Nfhl;ghLfisf; nfhz;lJ. (Uditsky 1993)
cl;gLj;jyhdJ nghJthd ghlrhiyapd; trjptha;g;Gf;fis Nkd;NkYk;
tpupTgLj;Jfpd;wikahy; gy;tifikAila gps;isfis cl;gLj;Jk;
tha;g;Gk; tpuptilAk;. (ClarkEtal 1995)
rfy gps;isfsJk; fw;wiy cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;w nghJthd gzpia
Mw;Wfpd;w gy;tifg;gl;l gpur;rpidfSf;Fk; jPh;TfhZfpd;w XuplNk
cl;gLj;jy; ghlrhiyahFk;. (Rouse and Floriam 1996)
cl;gLj;jy; vd;gJ rfy gps;isfSf;Fk; Jyq;fy; fhl;lj;jf;fthwhd
ghlrhiy xOq;fikg;igf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L Njitfis> trjpfis
cUthf;fpf; nfhLf;Fk; xU nrad;KiwahFk;. (Sebba 1996)
rfy gps;isfisAk; NtWghbd;wp Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; ,lNk cl;gLj;jy;
ghlrhiy MFk;. (Thomas 1997)


cl;gLj;jy; fy;tp vd;gJ ntWkNd xU jdpeguhNyh md;wpg; ghlrhiyahNyh
kl;Lk; ntw;wpfukhfr; nraw;gLj;jp tpl KbahjJ. mJ r%fj;jpd; gyjug;gpdiuAk;
cs;slf;fpa xU $l;L Kaw;rp MFk;. ,j;jug;gpdh; midtUk; ,ize;J ,iae;J
nraw;gLfpd;wNghJ kl;LNk ,t;Tl;gLj;jy; fy;tpapd; ntw;wpfis ehk; ngw KbAk;.
,f; $l;LKaw;rpapNy gy;NtW tpjkhd thz;ikahsh;fspd; gq;Fk; kpfkpf
,d;wpaikahjJ. mt;thz;ikahsh;fshf

• kUj;Jth;fs;
• clw;gapw;rpahsh;fs;
• Ngr;Rg;gapw;rpahsh;fs;
• njhopy; rhh;e;j rpfpr;irahsh;fs;
• cstpayhsh;fs;

Nghd;Nwhiuf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,th;fspd; gzpfs; tFg;giwapYk; tFg;giwf;F
ntspNaAk; ,lk;ngWk;.

2.1.4 cl;gLj;jy; fy;tpapd; mbg;gilf;Nfhl;ghLfs;

fy;tpf;nfhs;iffis tFj;J eilKiwg;gLj;Jk;NghJ CdKw;w
gps;isfSf;Fk; ,isQh; AtjpfSf;Fk; tsh;e;Njhh;f;Fk; rk tha;g;ig
toq;Fk; Nfhl;ghl;il ed;F ftdj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. CdKw;w
xUgps;is jdJ tPl;Lf;F mz;ikapYs;s xU ghlrhiyapy; Nrh;e;J fy;tp
fw;gjw;F Ntz;ba toptiffisg; gpuNjr kw;Wk; Njrpa fy;tpf;
nfhs;iffspy; epge;jidfshf cs;slf;f Ntz;Lk;.
ghlrhiyr; #oypy; mlq;fpAs;s gy;tifg;gl;l mDgtq;fs;> tho;f;iff;
Nfhyq;fs;> nkhopfs;> gz;ghl;Lg; gpd;dzpfs; Nghd;wdtw;wpy; mlq;fpAs;s
mD$ykhd mk;rq;fis tpUj;jp nra;jy; kw;Wk; Nkk;gLj;Jjy;
njhlh;ghfTk; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
rkkpd;ikfisj; Njhw;Wtpf;fj;jf;f rhjp> kj> Fy> rka> ,d> r%f> tpUg;G>
Mw;wy;> Cdk; Nghd;w NtWghLfisf; fUj;jpw; nfhs;tij Kw;whfj;
jtph;j;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
,f;Nfhl;ghLfis mbg;gilahf;f nfhz;L> mtw;iw cupa tifapy;
eilKiwg; gLj;Jtjw;fhd eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;tJ ghlrhiy
r%fj;jpduJk; mur jug;gpduJk; nghWg;ghFk;.


ghlrhiyfspy; cl;gLj;jy; fy;tpia eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;Fg;
nghUj;jkhd gpNuuizfis Kd;itf;Fk;NghJ 1995y; N[hd;rd; vd;gth;
Kd;itj;j gj;Jf; Nfhl;ghLfisAk; ftdj;jpw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. mitahtd>

1. ,dq;fhzy;> mq;fPfupj;jy;> njhFjpapy; cs;s rfyuJk; nghWg;ghFk;.
,t;ntz;zf;fUit xt;nthUtUk; ed;F tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
2. Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; nraw;gly;. tpNrl NjitAila midtUk;
Njrpakl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; rfyUk; gad;ngwj;jf;fjhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.
3. rfy JiwapYk; gy;NtW tifg;gl;l jilfis ePf;Fk; tifapy;
trjpfs; Vw;gLj;jg; glNtz;Lk;.
4. gd;Kfg;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
5. xd;wpizj;jy;:- tpNrl fy;tpj; NjitAila gps;isapd; rfy
NjitfSk; epiwTnra;ag;gLk; tifapy; jilfsw;w (kpff;Fiwthd)
#o;epiyapy; fy;tp ngwf;$batifapy; eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;sy;
Ntz;Lk;.
6. nefpo;jfT (ghlikaj; jd;ikapypUe;J tpLgl;L> tho;f;ifika
cs;slf;fj;Jld; khzth;ika mZFKiwiaf;) nfhz;ljhf ,Uj;jy;.
7. tpsq;fpf;nfhs;sy;. gps;isapd; ,sk; gUte;njhlf;fk; Njitg;gLk; rfy
NjitfisAk; gw;wpa njspthd tpsf;fj;ijg; ngw;wpUj;jy;.
8. ,izg;ghf;fk;:- rfy kl;lq;fspYk; rpwg;ghf ,izg;ghf;fk; fhzg;gly;
Ntz;Lk;.
9. thz;ikj;jd;ik:- ed;F gapw;rp ngw;W njhopy;rhh; mh;g;gzpg;Gld;
nraw;gLNthuhy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
10. ajhh;j;jg+h;tkhdjhf ,Uj;jy;:- cl;gLj;jy; fy;tpr; nrad;KiwahdJ
ehl;bd; r%f> nghUshjhu> njhopy;El;g> gz;ghl;L epiyikfSf;Fg;
nghUj;jkhd tifapy; xOq;FgLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

tpQ;Qhdj;Jiwfs; gytw;wpy; Vw;gl;l Jupjkhd tsh;r;rp nkhop
Ma;Tj;Jiwapidg; ghjpf;fyhapw;W. nkhop Ma;T gz;ilf;fhyk; njhlf;fNk
eilngw;W te;Js;sJ. Vida tpQ;Qhdj;Jiwfspy; ,lk;ngw;w Nfhl;ghLfs;
nkhopapay; JiwapYk; Vw;glyhapw;W. jhtutpay;> tpyq;fpay; Nghd;w JiwfspNy
jhtuk; my;yJ tpyq;fpidg; gFg;gha;T nra;J mtw;wpilNa fhzg;gl;l gz;Gfis
my;yJ xOq;Ffis vLj;J tpsf;fpaJNghy nkhopapidAk; gFg;gha;T nra;J
tpsf;fpaJ. nkhopapNy Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fSf;F mbg;gilahf miktJ xypkhw;wNk
vd;gij mtjhdpj;J mk; khw;w xOq;fpid xypepajpf; Nfhl;ghlhff; fhl;bdh;.
capupay; JiwapNy ifahsg;gl;l fiyr; nrhw;fs; nkhopapay; JiwapYk;
ifahsg;gl;ld. capupdq;fspd; Njhw;wk;> tsh;r;rp gw;wpa lhh;tpdpd;
gupzhkf;nfhs;if ,aw;if nkhopfspd; Njhw;wk;> tsh;r;rp gw;wp mwpaTk;


topfhl;baJ. capupdq;fSf;Fs;Ns mbg;gilj;njhlh;G nfhz;ltw;iwf;
FLk;gq;fshfg; ghFghL nra;Ak; Nehf;fpid mbnahw;wp njhlh;Gw;w nkhopfisf;
FLk;gq;fshf ,dq;fhZk; Kaw;rp nkhopapay; JiwapYk; cz;lhapw;W.
,e;jtifapy; jpuhtpl nkhopf;FLk;gj;jpd; %j;jnkhopahfg; jkpo;nkhop
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

nkhop tsh;tJ gupzhktsh;r;rpahYk; fld;thq;fyhYk; vd;gh;
tuyhw;Wnkhopapay; Nguhrpupah;. nkhop fhyj;jpw;Ff; fhyk; khw;wkile;J nfhz;Nl
,Uf;fpd;wJ. xUnkhopapy; gy;NtW fhyq;fspy; mile;j khw;wj;ij fhyKiwg;gb
Muhag; gy rhd;Wfs; Njitg;gLfpd;wd. jkpo;nkhopapDila tuyhw;iw
mwpe;Jnfhs;s ,yf;fpaq;fs;> ,yf;fzq;fs;> fy;ntl;Lf;fs;>
gpwnkhopf;fy;ntl;Lf;fs;> mfuhjpfs;> may;ehl;lhh; Fwpg;Gf;fs;> fpisnkhopfs;
vd;gtw;iw mbg;gilr; rhd;Wfshff; nfhs;syhk;.

jkpo;nkhopapd; tsh;r;rp epiyfis ed;F ,dq;fz;L mk;nkhopapd;
xypaikg;G> nrhy;yikg;G> njhluikg;G Mfpadtw;Wf;nfy;yhk; ,yf;fzk; $Wk;
Kaw;rpfis ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; eLg;gFjpapy; ,Ue;J etPd nkhopapayhsh;
Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sdh;.

nrhw;fspd; cWg;ghf mike;j xypad;fs; xt;nthd;Wf;Fk; tuptbtk; nfhLj;jNghJ
vOj;Jf;fs; Njhd;wpd. vOj;J vDk; jkpo;r;nrhy;Yf;F ‘vOjg;gLtJ’>
‘tiuag;gLtJ’> ‘rpj;jpuk;jPl;lg;gLtJ’ vd;gNj mbg;gilg;nghUs;. jkpiog;
nghWj;jtiuapy; ,yf;fzfhuh; Kg;gJ %y xypfis tFj;Jf;nfhz;ldh;. mit 12
capUk; 18nka;fSkhfg; ghFgLj;jg;gl;ld. cs;spUe;J vOk; %r;R kplw;wpd;
Kaw;rpAld; thapd; topahf ntspg;gLk;NghJ jilapd;wp ntspg;gbd; caph;xypfs;
gpwf;Fk;. %r;R ntspg;gLk;NghJ thapNy jilg;gbd; nka;xypfs; gpwf;Fk;. capUk;
nka;Akhfpa ,e;j xypfis mit gpwf;Fk; Kaw;rp gw;wpAk; ,lk; gw;wpAk;
nkhopapayhsUk; ,yf;fzfhuUk; gythW ghFghL nra;th;.

jkpo; vOj;Jf;fs; vy;yhk; jdpj;jdp NtWNtwhd xypfis cilait.
,sik KjNy mtw;iwj; jpUj;jkhf xypj;Jg; gofpte;jhy; vOj;jpNy kaf;fk;
Njhd;whJ. MapDk; rpy vOj;Jf;fisg; Ngr;R tof;fpNy jpUj;jkhf xypahikahy;
vOJk;NghJ gyUf;F ,lh;ghL Vw;gLfpd;wJ. nghJthf khztUf;F kaf;fk;
tpistpf;Fk; vOj;Jf;fisg; gpd;tUk; %d;W njhFjpf;Fs; mlf;fyhk;. ,tw;iwg;
nghJthf xypNgjr; nrhw;fs; vd;gh;.


1. zfu> efu> dfu xypfs;
2. yfu> sfu> ofu xypfs;
3. ufu> wfu xypfs;.

Kjyhk; njhFjpapYs;s %d;W vOj;Jf;fSk; nky;ypdj;ijr; Nrh;e;jit.
%r;R %f;FtopNa ntspg;glg; gpwg;git. ehEdp mz;zj;ij cWjyhw; gpwg;git.
ehEdp mz;zj;ijj; njhLtjpYs;s NtWghL fhuzkhfNt ,it ntt;NtW
jdpxypfshf mikfpd;wd. ,tw;Ws;>

zfuk;> ehEdp cs;tise;J mbg;gFjpahy; mz;zj;ijj; njhl;ltopg;
gpwg;gJ.
efuk;> ehEdp Kd; mz;zj;ij (mjhtJ Nky;tha;g;gy;ypdJ mbia)
cWtjhw; gpwg;gJ.
dfuk;> ehEdp mz;zj;ij xw;Wtjhy; (kpfg; nghUe;Jtjhy;) gpwg;gJ.

,uz;lhk; njhFjpapYs;s %d;W vOj;Jf;fSk; ,ilapdj;ijr; Nrh;e;jit.
,tw;Ws; y>s ,uz;Lk; %r;ir ehthw; gpupj;J ntspg;gLj;jg; gpwg;git. ofuk;
ehtpd; gy rpWmirTfshw; gpwg;gJ.

yfuk;> ehtpspk;G tPq;fp Kd; mz;zj;ij (Nky;tha;g; gy;ypdJ mbia)
xw;Wtjhw; gpwg;gJ.
sfuk;> ehtpspk;G tPq;fp mz;zj;ij tULtjhw; (jlTtjhw;) gpwg;gJ.
ofuk;> ehEdp cs;tise;J mz;zj;ij tULtjhw; gpwg;gJ.

yfuj;ij xypg;gij tpl sfuj;ij xypg;gjpy; ehthdJ cah;e;Jk; gpd;Ndhf;fpAk;
nry;fpd;wJ. ofuk; jkpOf;Nf cupj;jhd rpwg;ghd vOj;jhFk;.

%d;whk; njhFjpapYs;s ,uz;L vOj;Jf;fSs; wfuk; ty;ypdj;ijAk; ufuk;
,ilapdj;ijAk; Nrh;e;jit. ,it ehtpd; rpW mirTfSld; %r;R ntspg;glg;
gpwg;gd. ,tw;Ws;>

ufuk;> ehEdp mz;zj;ij tULtjhw; gpwg;gJ.
wfuk;> ehEdp mz;zj;ij xw;Wtjhy; (kpfg;nghUe;Jtjhy;) gpwg;gJ.
wfuk; jkpo;nkhopf;Fr; rpwg;ghd xyp.


2.1.5 jkpo;nkhopiaf; fw;gpf;ifapy; mjd; ghlNehf;fq;fshfg; gpd;tUtd
mikfpd;wd.

1. jkpo;nkhopiaj; njhlh;ghlw; fUtpahf fhyj;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy;
tpidj;jpwDld; ifahSjy;.
2. ,yf;fpaq;fspD}lhf r%f> fyhrhu> tpOkpaq;fis mwpe;J mtw;iwg;
NgZjy;.
3. Fiyfs;> mwptpay;> njhopy;El;gj;Jiwfs; vd;gtw;wpd; tsh;r;rpf;Nfw;g
nkhopiar; nrk;ikahfg; gad;gLj;Jk; Mw;wiyg; ngWjy;.
4. Nkhopa+lhf khzth; jk; MSikia tsh;j;Jf; nfhs;Sjy;.
5. Njrpa xUikg;ghl;Lzh;it tsh;f;f nkhopiar; rhjfkhff; nfhs;sy;.

,t;tpaypy; ,yf;fpa kPsha;T gw;wp mjhtJ tpNrlfy;tpapd; Njhw;wk;
tsh;r;rp gw;wpAk; cl;gLj;jy; fy;tp gw;wpAk; jkpo; nkhopapy; xypNgjr;nrhw;fspd;
gpwg;Gg; gw;wpAk; Nehf;fg;gl;lJ. ,dp mLj;j ,aypy; Ma;T Kiwapay; gw;wp
Nehf;fg;gLk;.


Ma;T Kiwapay;

Xu; Ma;tpy; kpf Kf;fpa gq;F tfpg;gJ juT Nrfupj;jy; MFk;. Nrfupf;Fk;
juTfisg; nghWj;Nj Ma;T jpl;lkplg;gLk;. ,jw;F cz;ikahd> rupahd juTfs;
Nrfupf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. juTfspd; juk;> ek;gfk;> jFjp> cWjpg;ghL vd;gd
fz;lwpag;gl Ntz;Lk;. vdNt ,t;tpaypy; Ma;T Kiwapay;fs; gw;wp Nehf;fg;gLk;.

3.1 Ma;T tbtikg;Gk; mjd; njuptpw;fhd epahag;ghLk;

Ma;Tk; mwpTk; xU ehzaj;jpd; ,Ugf;fq;fs; Nghd;wit. mwptpd; tsh;r;rp
vd;gJ Ma;Tfspd; tsh;r;rpahf ,Ue;J te;Js;sJ. fy;tpr; nrad;KiwfspNy
vjph;Nehf;fg;gLk; gy;NtW ,lh;ghLfs; Ma;Tfspd; Jiznfhz;Nl jPh;f;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

Ma;T vd;gJ nka;apidf; fz;lwpAk; njhlh;r;rpahd Njliy Kd;ndLf;fpd;w
Gyikg;gapw;rpahfpd;wJ. mwptpd; vy;iyfis Ma;Tfs; Kd;Ndhf;fp efh;j;jpa
tz;zk; cs;sd. Ma;T vd;fpd;w fy;tpr;nrad;KiwahdJ mwpe;jjpypUe;J
mwpahjij Nehf;fpr; nry;Yk; ,af;ftpirahFk;. Ma;tpd; Ngwhfg; Gjpa
fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fSk; Gj;jhf;fq;fSk; Kd;itf;fg;gLfpd;wd (n[auhrh>2000).

Ma;tpd; gbKiwfshfg; gpur;rpidia ,zq;fhZjy;> gpur;rpidia
tiuaiwnra;jy;> ,yf;fpa kPsha;T> Ma;tpd; Nehf;fq;fisj; jPh;khdpj;jy;>
Ma;Tf;Fhpa Kiwapidj; jPh;khdpj;jy;> juTfisr;Nrfhpj;jy;> gFg;gha;Tnra;jy;>
Ma;Tf;Fhpa nraw;wpl;lj;ijj; jahhpj;jy;> nraw;gLj;Jjy;> tpsf;fkspj;jy;>
mwpf;ifg;gLj;jy;> ntspapLjy; vd;gd mikfpd;wd.gpur;rpid vd;gJ
vjph;Nehf;fg;gLk; epiyfSf;Fk; ,Uf;Fk; epiyikfSf;Fk; ,ilapYs;s
,ilntspahFk;. Ma;Tg;gpur;ridfSf;fhd mbg;gil gw;wpAk; jPh;Tgw;wpAk;
Gyf;fhl;rp nfhs;sitf;Fk; gpur;rpidfisr; rhh;e;j gz;gsTg; ngWkhdq;fis
vz;zsTg;ngWkhdq;fshf khw;Wtjw;F cjTk; Gjpa Njly;fisAk;
GjpajPh;khdq;fisAk; Nkw;nfhs;s cjTtjhy; mwptpd; Kd;duq;f epiyfis
NkYk; Kd;dfh;j;j cjTk;.


xt;nthU MrpupaUk; jk; tFg;giwapy; vOk; gpur;rpidfSf;Fj; jPh;TfhZk;
tifapy; vspikahd eilKiwg;gads;s Ma;Tfis nray;epiy Ma;T vd;gh;.
ghlrhiyfspd; fy;tpapay; tpidj;jpwd;fis mjpfhpf;f khzth;fspd; fw;wy;
gpur;rpidfisg; gFj;jhuha;e;J jPh;Tfhz nray;epiy Ma;Tfs; topfhl;Lfpd;wd.
ghlrhiy fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; epiyikfspy; khw;wq;fis> tpUj;jpfis Vw;gLj;jp
fw;wy; ngWNgWfis Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;Fk; ghlrhiyf;Fk; r%fj;jpw;Fkpilapy;
xj;Jiog;igAk; gu];gu cjtpfisAk; tsh;g;gjw;Fk; nray;epiy Ma;Tfisg;
gad;gLj;jy; rpwe;jnjd cyfshtpa uPjpapy; fy;tpapayhsh;fs; fUJfpd;wdh;.

,d;iwa ghlrhiyf; fy;tpKiwapy; Mrpupah;fNs Kf;fpakhd tsq;fs;
Mthu;. Mrpupah;fs; fy;tpia toq;Ftjw;Fj; jk;ik Kw;whf mu;g;gzpj;J
KOg;nghWg;Gld; nraw;gl mth;fSf;Ff; fy;tpapay; Ma;Tj;Jiwfspy; tha;g;Gf;fs;
mspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. MrpupaUila jpwikfs;> Ma;Tg;Gyk;> mh;g;gzpg;G>
nghWg;Gf;fs; vd;gd ghlrhiyf; fy;tp mgptpUj;jpf;F %yfhuzq;fs; MFk;.
xt;nthU MrpupaUk; mjpgUk; fy;tp njhlh;ghd Ma;Tg;gzpfspy; <LglNtz;Lk;. xU
Ma;Tf;fyhrhuj;ijf; fy;tpj;Jiwapy; Vw;gLj;jNtz;Lk;. ghlrhiyfs; vjph;Nehf;Fk;
gy;NtW rthy;fisf; fy;tpapay; nray; epiy Ma;tpd; %yk; ntw;wpnfhs;s
KbAk;.

,d;iwa fhyfl;lj;jpy; ghlrhiyfspy; Kd;ndg;NghJk; ,dq;fhzg;glhj
gy gpur;rpidfs; gutyhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. cyfkakhjypd; gupzhkj;jpdhy;
Vw;gl;Ls;s gy;NtW jhf;fq;fs; fy;tpapYk; ,ioNahb tUfpd;wd. ,e;epiyapy;
khztiu cd;dj epiyf;F ,l;Lr;nry;tjw;fhfr; nraw;gLk; epWtdk; ghlrhiy
vd;wtifapy; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nrad;KiwahdJ tpidj;jpwDld; tpisjpwDk;
nfhz;ljhf mike;Jtplr; nray;epiy Ma;Tfs; toptFj;J epw;fpd;wd.

nray; Ma;thdJ vg;NghJk; nray; rhh;e;jJ. Ma;itr;nra;gtNu nraypy;
gq;Nfw;W gpur;rpidfisj; jPh;g;gjpYk; epiyfis Kd;Ndw;WtjpYk; <Lgl Ntz;Lk;.
xU epiyik khw;wj;jpw;FupaJ vd ,dq;fhzg;gbd; me;epiyikf;fhd
fhuzq;fisf; fz;lwpe;J rPuhf;fk; nra;a nray;epiy Ma;Nt cfe;jjhFk;.

rpy Fwpg;gpl;l gpur;rpidf;Fupa vz;zf;fUf;fis Ma;Tnra;tjw;F rpy
Ma;T Kiwfs; Vida Ma;TKiwfis tplTk; $ba nghUj;jg;ghL nfhz;ljhf
,Uf;fyhk;. Ma;TKiwnahd;iwj; njupTnra;Ak; NghJ Ma;T epfo;j;jg;gLk;
#o;epiy> mr;#o; epiyapy; fpilf;ff;$ba tsq;fs;> mr;#oypy; cs;s


tiuaiwfs; vd;gd fUj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,t;tifapy; ,q;F
Ma;thdJ tpNrlfy;tpayF khztupilNa xypNgjr; nrhw;fisj; jpUj;jkhf
vOJk; Mw;wiy Nkk;gLj;jy; gw;wpa nray;epiy Ma;thf Ma;thsuhy; njupT
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.

3.2 fw;wy; ,lf;Ftpak;

nray;epiyMa;Tfs; Fwpg;gpl;l gpur;rpidia ikakhf itj;Jr; nraw;gLj;jg;
gLfpd;wJ. ,jd;NghJ gpur;rpidiaj; njspthf ,zq;fhzTk; juTfisg;
gFg;gha;T nra;J khzth;fSf;Nfw;w fw;gpj;jy; Kiwapay;fisj; njupT nra;aTk;
toptFf;fpd;wJ. ,r;nray;epiy Ma;tpy; rpwg;gk;rkhf Fwpf;fg;gl;l khzth;fisj;
njupTnra;jy; fhzg; gLfpd;wJ. kw;Wk; Mrpupa khzt ,iltpid cwit
tYg;ngwr; nra;fpwJ. Mrpupaiu Ma;thsuhfTk; Ma;thsiu MrpupauhfTk;
khw;wpaikf;Fk; rf;jp nray;epiy Ma;TfSf;F cz;L vdyhk;.

,t;tha;Tf;Fj; njupTnra;ag;gl;l ah/ a+dpad; fy;Y}upahdJ aho;
khtl;lj;jpy; typ tlf;Fg; gpuNjrnrayh; gpuptpYs;sJld;
aho;g;ghzf;Flhehl;bNyNa fy;tpapy; kl;Lkd;wp ,izghltpjhdr; nraw;ghLfspYk;
Kd;dzpapy; epw;Fk; 1AB juj;jpyhd Gfo;g+j;j ghlrhiyahFk;. ,g;ghlrhiy
1816k; Mz;Lfhyg;gFjpapy; mnkupf;f kpdupapduhy; ];jhgpf;fg;gl;l>
njd;dhrpahtpNyNa fhyj;jhy; gioik tha;e;j ghlrhiyahFk;. ,J
njd;dhrpahtpd; %j;j fytd; ghlrhiy vd;gJk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f tplakhFk;.

,g;ghlrhiy gpwg;ngLj;j fhye;njhl;L ,d;Wtiu rpwe;j Gj;jp[Ptpfis
r%fj;jpw;fhf gpurtpj;J tUfpd;wJ. cs;ehl;bYk; me;epakz;zpYk; rpwe;jNritia
thuptoq;fpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; itj;jpaepGzh;fSk; tpz;ntspf;Fg; ngUik
Nrh;j;J epw;Fk; eh]htpd; tpQ;QhdpfSk; rl;lk;nty;Yk; rl;lj;juzpfSk; ,d;Dk;
r%fj;ijNa jpUj;jpaikf;Fk; ty;yikgilj;j Mrhd;fisAk; gpurtpj;Jj; je;j
,f;fy;Y}up md;id ePz;L epiy ngWths;. ,J jpz;zk;.

,j;jifa rpwg;Gf;fisf;nfhz;l ,g;ghlrhiy 1990 Mk; Mz;L cs;ehl;L
Aj;jk; fhuzkhfr; nrhe;j,lj;ij tpl;L ,lk;ngah;e;J trjpfis ,oe;jepiyapYk;
fpilj;jtw;iwf;nfhz;L midj;Jr;nraw;ghLfspYk; tPWeil Nghl;lJ. gd;dpuz;L
tUlq;fs; fle;jgpd;dh; 2002 Mk; Mz;bd; eLg;gFjpapy; nrhe;j,lkhfpa
njy;ypg;giof;F te;JNrh;e;J ‘tPo;e;jhYk; vOe;jpLNthk;’ vd;w ,yf;Fld; mzp


elj;Jk; jpwidf;nfhz;l mjpgUld; mh;g;gzpg;igNa tho;thff;fUjp epw;Fk; Mw;wy;
kpF Mrhd;fisAk; nfhz;L gz;GkpF khzth;fSf;fhfj; Jbg;Gld; nraw;gl;L
tUfpd;wJ.

,g;ghlrhiyahdJ juk;6 njhlf;fk; cah;juk; tiuahd tFg;Gf;fisf;
nfhz;L ,Ug;gNjhL ,jd; Muk;gg;gpupthfj; je;ijnry;th njhlf;fepiyg;gs;sp
mike;jpUg;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,t;tha;tpw;F a+dpad; fy;Y}hpapd; fdp;l
,ilepiy tpNrlfy;tp myF khzth;fs; njhpTnra;ag;gl;Ls;sdh;.

3.3 juT Nrfhpg;G Kiwfs;

Ma;nthd;wpw;Fj; juTfSk; jfty;fSk; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdit. Nrfhpf;fg;gLk;
juTfspypUe;Nj Ma;tpd; nraw;ghLfs; Kd;ndLf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Ma;tpy; juTfisr;
Nrfupg;gjw;Fg; gy;NtW Kiwfs; ifahsg;gLfpd;wd. mit gpd;tUkhW>

mtjhdpj;jy;
Neh;fhzy;
rupaPl;Lg;gl;bay;fs;
tplajdpahs; Ma;T
tpdhf;nfhj;J
fzpg;gPLfs;
rk;gtg;gjpNtLfs;
xg;gilfs;
nray;khjpupfs;
mDgtVLfs;
Gifg;glq;fs;
Mtzq;fs;
r%fmstPl;L Kiwfs;
guPl;irfs;

xU nray;epiy ma;tpy; Ma;thsh; juTfisr; Nrfupj;J Ma;it
eilKiwg; gLj;Jifapy; mtjhdpj;jtw;iwj; jpUj;jkhf kjpg;gpl Ntz;Lk;.

,r;nray;epiy Ma;tpy; juTfisr; Nrfupg;gjw;fhf Ma;thsuhy; gpd;tUk;
Kiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.


mtjhdpg;G
fye;Jiuahly;
tpdhf;nfhj;J
guPl;irfs;
Neu;fhzy;

3.3.1 mtjhdpg;G

ghlrhiy tFg;giwr;nraw;ghl;by; khzth;fs; njhlh;e;J
mtjhdpf;fg;gl;lhh;fs;. mth;fsJ tpUg;G> ntWg;G> Mh;tk;> Nrhfk;> kfpo;r;rp vd;Dk;
epiyikfs; mtjhdpf;f gl;ld. NkYk; xypNgjr; nrhw;fisg; gad;gLj;jpf;
fw;gpf;Fk;NghJ mth;fSf;F xyp Ngjr; nrhw;fs; gw;wpa Nghjpa tpsf;fkpd;ik xU
gpur;rpidahf mtjhdpf;fg;gl;lJ.

3.3.2 fye;Jiuahly; Kiw

khzth;fSld; xypNgjr; nrhw;fs; njhlh;ghf Vw;gLk; gpur;rpidfs; gw;wpf;
fye;Jiuahlg;gl;lJ. NkYk; Vida jkpo;nkhop fw;gpf;Fk; Mrpupah;fSlDk;
fye;Jiuahlg;gl;lJ. ,jd;NghJ khzth;fSf;Fg; Nghjpa tpsf;fkpd;ikNa
gpur;rpidahf ,Ue;jik mwpag;gl;lJ.

3.3.3 tpdhf;nfhj;J Kiw

,k;KiwahdJ jfty;fisj; jpul;bf;nfhs;tjw;Fupa vspikahd xU
KiwahFk;. mj;Jld; Neu rpf;fdj;Jld; $ba xU KiwahFk;. ,k;KiwahdJ
Mk; ,y;iy vd;w J}z;lw;NgWfisf; nfhz;ldthfTk; nghUj;jkhd njupTfs;
njupTnra;af; $bajhfTk; mikf;fg;glyhk;. Mdhy; re;Njfj;jpd; mbg;gilapy;
tpilfs; njupT nra;ag;gbd; mJ Ma;TKiwapy; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk;.
,t;tha;tpy; Ma;thsuhy; 15 tpdhf;fisf;nfhz;l tpdhf;nfhj;J toq;fg;gl;L
jfty;fs; Nrfupf;fg;gl;ld.

3.4 juTg; gFg;gha;TKiwfs;

juTg;gFg;gha;T vd;gJ Nrfupf;fg;gl;l jfty;fspypUe;J gpur;rpidfis ,dk;
fhz;gjw;F my;yJ ngwg;gl;l tpisTfs; vt;tifahdit vd;gijr; Rl;bf;fhl;l
ty;yJ. ,q;F juTg; gFg;gha;thf khzth;fSf;F Kw;Nrhjid xd;W toq;fg;gl;L
Gs;spfs; ngwg;gL;k;. mjpypUe;J ngwg;gl;l jfty;fSf;F Vw;g eltbf;if


Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. gpd;dh; gpw;Nrhjid xd;W toq;fg;glL Gs;spfs; ngwg;gLk;.
gpw;Nrhjid> Kw;NrhjidfspypUe;J ngwg;gl;l jfty;fspd; mbg;gilapy; T
Nrhjid elj;jg;gl;L juTg;gFg;gha;T Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.

3.5 juTfspd; juk; (ek;gfk;> jFjp> cWjpg;ghL)

jug;gl;l juTfSk; jfty;fSk; cah; ek;gfk;> jFjp> cWjpg;ghl;ilf;
nfhz;likAk; NghJ Ma;thdJ ntw;wpiaj;jUk;.

,t;tpaypNy Ma;Ttbtikg;Gk; mjd; njuptpw;fhd epahag;ghL gw;wpAk;
fw;wy; ,lf;Ftpak; gw;wpAk; juTNrfupg;G Kiwfs; gw;wpAk; juT gFg;gha;T
Kiwfs; gw;wpAk; juTfspd; juk; gw;wpAk; Ma;T nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,dp mLj;j
,aypy; juT mspf;ifAk; gFg;gha;Tk; gw;wpAk; Ma;T nra;ag;gl cs;sJ.


juT mspf;ifAk; gFg;gha;Tk;

Ma;nthd;wpNy Nrfupj;j jfty;fis xOq;FgLj;jp> juTg;gFg;gha;it
Nkw;nfhs;Sk; NghJ jhd; Ma;tpw;fhd jpl;lkpliy Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;. vdNt
,t;tpaypy; juT mspf;ifAk; gFg;gha;Tk; gw;wp Nehf;FNthk;.

4.1 Nrfupj;j jfty;fis xOq;FgLj;jp mspj;jy;

tpNrlfy;tpayF khztupilNa xypNgjr;nrhw;fisj; jpUj;jkhf vOJk;
Mw;wiy Nkk;gLj;jy; njhlh;ghd Ma;tpw;fhfj; njupTnra;j khzth;fs; gw;wpa
juTfs; Nrfupf;fg;gl;ld. ,jw;Fg; gy juT Nrfupg;G Kiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

,y khzth; capUld; ,Uj;jy; njhopy; FLk;gmq;fj;jth;
jha; je;ij jha; je;ij vz;zpf;if
01. A √ √ - $yp 04
02. B √ X tPL - 05
03. C √ √ tPL 04
04. D X √ - $yp 06
05. E √ X tPL - 07
06. F X X - - 05
07. G X √ - $yp 08
08. H √ X tPL - 05

Nkw;fhl;ba juTfSf;Nfw;g ehd;F khzth;fSf;Fj; je;ij ,y;iy. je;ij
gw;wp mth;fSld; fye;Jiuahba NghJ %d;W khzth;fspd; je;ijkhh;fs; ehl;by;
,lk;ngw;w td;nray;fspd;NghJ ,we;jdh; vdTk; xU khztdpd; je;ij RfaPdk;
fhuzkhf ,we;jhh; vdTk; njupa te;jJ. VidNahupy; %d;W khzth;fspd;
je;ijkhh;fs; $ypNtiy nra;tjhfTk; mwpaKbe;jJ.

je;ijaupd; epiyik ,t;thwpUf;f jhahNu FLk;gg;nghWg;igr; Rkf;fNtz;ba
epiy fhzg;gl;lJ. Ma;tpw;F cl;gLj;jg;gl;l khzthfspy; %d;W khzth;fSf;Fj;
jha; ,y;iy. ehd;F khzth;fspd; jhahh; tPl;LNtiyf;Fr; nry;gth;fshff;


fhzg;gl;ldh;. mth;fs; mjpfhiyapy; vOe;J Ntiyf;Fr; nrd;W ,uNt tPL
jpUk;Gfpd;wth;fshfTk; fhzg;gl;ldh;.

,th;fspy; xU gps;isf;Fj; jha;> je;ij ,UtUNk capUld; ,y;iy.
mg;gps;is kpfTk; f];lj;jpd; kj;jpapNyNa ghlrhiyf;F tUfpd;wikAk; njupa
te;jJ.

njhopiyg; ghh;f;fpd;wNghJ %d;W khzth;fspd; je;ij $yp Ntiy
nra;tjhfTk; ehd;F khzth;fspd; jha; tPl;LNtiy nra;tjhfTk; mwpa Kbe;jJ.
xU khztdpd; je;ij RfaPdk; fhuzkhf Ntiyf;Fr; nry;yKbahj epiyapy;
cs;shh; vd;Wk; $wpdhh;fs;. ,t;thW je;ijAk; jhAk; Ntiyf;Fr; nry;tjdhy;
khzth;fis mth;fs; ftdpg;gJ ,y;iy vd;gJ mth;fs; $wpa tplaq;fspypUe;J
mwpaf;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ.

FLk;g mq;fj;jth; vz;zpf;ifiag; ghh;f;Fk; NghJ mJ ngUk;ghYk;
$LjyhfNt fhzg;gl;lJ.

Nkw;$wg;gl;l midj;Jj; jfty;fSk; khzth;fspd; jdpg;gl;l tpguq;fshFk;.
,dp khzthpd; ghl rk;ge;jkhfr; Nrfupf;fg;gl;l jfty;fs; tUkhW>

,y khzth; jkpo; xypNgjk; vjph;Nehf;Fk; fw;ftpUk;Gk; fw;gpj;jy;
tpUg;gk; tpUk;ghikf;Ff; fhuzk; gpur;rpid Kiw rhjdg; gad;ghL
Nghjpagapw;rp
01 A Mk; mbg;gil mwptpd;ik ,d;ik FO Kiw Mk;
,g;gFjpapy;
02 B Mk; mbg;gil mwptpd;ik tpUg;gkpd;ik FO Kiw Mk;
Mrpupaupd; fw;gpj;jy; Nghjpatpsf;fk;
03 C Mk; tpsq;fhik ,d;ik FO Kiw Mk;
Nghjpagapw;rp
04 D Mk; vdJ tpUg;gf;FiwT ,d;ik FO Kiw ,y;iy
Nghjpagapw;rp
05 E Mk; vdJ tpUg;gf;FiwT ,d;ik FO Kiw Mk;
Nghjpatpsf;fk;
06 F Mk; mbg;gil mwptpd;ik ,d;ik FO Kiw Mk;
Nghjpatpsf;fk;
07 G Mk; mbg;gilmwptpd;ik ,d;ik FO Kiw ,y;iy
Nghjpagapw;rp
08 H Mk; vdJ tpUg;gf;FiwT ,d;ik FO Kiw Mk;


4.2 juTfisg; gFg;gha;T nra;jy;

mtjhdpg;gpd; %yk; ngwg;gl;l gFg;gha;tpd;gb khzth;fs; fw;wypy; fhl;ba
Mh;tk; FiwthfTk; fw;gpj;jy; epfOk;NghJ mtjhdpf;Fk; jd;ik FiwthfTk;
Vida khzth;fSld; fijg;gJ> vOJtjw;F cgfuzk; nfhz;L tuhik> Mrpupah;
nrhy;tijr; nrtpkLf;fhky; ,Ug;gJ Nghd;w gy jfty;fs; mwpag;gl;ld.

fye;Jiuahly; %yk; ngwg;gl;l juTfisg; gFg;gha;T nra;jNghJ jkpopy;
xypNgjr; nrhw;fis vOJjy;> thrpj;jy; njhlu;ghfg; gy gpur;rpidfis
vjph;nfhs;tjhfTk; nghUshjhu epiy> tPl;by; fw;gjw;F trjpapd;ik>
FLk;gg;gpzf;F fhuzkhf fy;tp fw;gjpy; tpuf;jpAld; fhzg;gLtjhf mwpag;gl;lJ.

tpdhf;nfhj;J %yk; ngwg;gl;l jfty;fisg; gFg;gha;T nra;jNghJ ckf;F
tpUg;gkhd ghlk; vJ? vd;w tpdhtpw;F vl;L khzthfSk; xd;W njhlf;fk; %d;W
tiuahd njupTfspy; xd;whf jkpo;g;ghlj;ijj; njupTnra;Js;sdh;. ,j;njupTfs;
Ma;thsupdhy; nfhLf;fg;gl;lit. vdNt cstpay; uPjpahd tpilahf
mike;jpUf;ff;$ba re;ju;g;gk; cz;L. my;yJ tho;f;iff;F mtrpakhd ghlk;
vd epidj;jpUf;ff;$Lk;. my;yJ fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; Kf;fpa ,lk; tfpg;gJ gw;wp
khzth;fshy; rpe;jpj;Jj; njupTnra;ag;gl;bUf;f KbAk;.

jkpo;g;ghlj;ij tpUk;gpf;fw;fpd;wPuh? vd;w tpdhtpw;F Mk; vd;gNj vl;Lg;Nghpd;
njupthf mike;Js;sJ. jkpopy; xypNgjr;nrhw;fs; vd;w gFjpia tpUk;ghikf;fhd
fhuzq;fshf>

mbg;gil mwptpd;ik
Mrpupaupd; fw;gpj;jy; tpsq;fhik
vdJ tpUg;gf;FiwT

vd;gd toq;fg;gl;lNghJ mbg;gil mwptpd;ik vd ehd;F khzth;fSk; Mrpupaupd;
fw;gpj;jy; tpsq;fhik vd xU khztDk; vdJ tpUg;gf;FiwT vd %d;W
khzth;fSk; njupT nra;Js;sdh;.

xypNgjr;nrhw;fisf; fw;Fk;NghJ khzth; vjph;Nehf;Fk; gpur;rpidfshf>

Nghjpa gapw;rpapd;ik
xJf;fg;gl;l Neuk; Nghjhik


Nghjpa tpsf;fkpd;ik
,g;gFjpapy; tpUg;gkpd;ik

vd;gd toq;fg;gl;lNghJ khzth; mspj;j tpilfs; tUkhW> Nghjpa gapw;rpapd;ik
vd;w gpur;rpidia ehd;F khzth;fSk; Nghjpa tpsf;fkpd;ik vd;w gpur;rpidia
%d;w khzth;fSk; ,g;gFjpapy; tpUg;gkpd;ik vd;w gpur;rpidia xU khztDk;
njupTnra;Js;sdh;.

xypNgjr;nrhw;fis ePh; fw;ftpUk;Gk; Kiw vJ? vd;w tpdhtpw;FnfhLf;fg;gl;l
Kiwfshtd>

Mrpupah; nrhy;ypj;jur; nrtpkLj;jy;
Mrpupaupd; topfhl;lYld; FOthfr; nraw;gly;
Mrpupaupd; topfhl;lYld; jdpahfr; nraw;gly;

vd;gd toq;fg;gl;lNghJ MW khzth;fs; Mrpupaupd; topfhl;lYld; FOthfr;
nraw;gly; Kiwia tpUk;Gtjhff; Fwpg;gpl;ldh;. $Ljyhd khzth;
,k;Kiwapid tpUk;gpaikf;Ff; fhuzq;fshfg; gpd;tUtd Fwpg;gplg;glyhk;.

,ay;ghd gpur;rpidfis khzth;fs; jk;kpilNa gq;fpl;Lf;nfhs;tjw;fhd
Njitiag; g+h;j;jp nra;jy;.
jh;f;f uPjpahd jkJ rpe;jidia tsh;f;f Mrpupaupd; topelj;jiy
vjph;ghh;j;J epw;wy;.
mDgtq;fs; thapyhf vz;zf;fUf;fis tpsq;f KbAk; vd;w csg;ghq;F.
fUj;Jg;gupkhw;wq;fisf; fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghl;by; tpUk;gp Vw;Fk;
kdg;ghq;F.
jdpj;J ,Ue;J nrtpkLg;gjpYk; jdpahfr;nraw;gLtjpYk; cs;s Nrhh;T
ePf;fg;gl;L Gj;Jzh;r;rpahd fw;wiy vjph;ghh;f;Fk; kdepiyapy; ,Uj;jy;.
khzth; jkJ kfpo;r;rpahd fw;wYf;Fk; jk;ik topg;gLj;jp ,yf;if
miltjw;Fk; ,k;Kiwiaj; njupTnra;jik njspT.

Mrpupaupd; topfhl;lYld; jdpahfr; nraw;gly; vd;w Kiwia ,U
khzth;fs; tpUk;Gtjhff; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdh;. vdNt Mrpupa topfhl;liy tpUk;gp
FOthfr;nraw;gly; vd;Dk; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwia tpUk;gpa khzth;fs;
jdpikahfr;nraw;gly; vd;w Kiwia tpUk;ghikf;fhd fhuzq;fshf
mikaf;$bait gpd;tUkhW>


FOt+f;fk;
jk; fUj;Jf;fisg; gpwUld; gfpu tpUk;gpaik
njhlh;ghly; Njitia czh;e;jik
kfpo;r;rpfukhd fw;wYf;F FONtiy vDk; kdg;ghq;F ,Uj;jy;
Fiwthd tsq;fspd; cr;rg;gad;ghl;ilg; ngwNtz;Lk; vd;w kdg;ghq;F
,Ue;jik vd;gdthFk;.

Kw;Nrhjidapd; gFg;gha;T

khzth; A B C D E F G H
tpdh 01 √ √ X √ X X X √
tpdh 02 X X X √ √ √ √ √
tpdh 03 √ X X √ X X √ √
tpdh 04 √ √ X X √ √ √ √
tpdh 05 √ √ X √ √ X X √
tpdh 06 X √ √ X X X X X
tpdh 07 √ X X X X X X X
tpdh 08 √ X X X X X X X
tpdh 09 X √ √ √ X X X X
tpdh 10 √ X X √ √ √ √ X
tpdh 11 √ √ √ √ X √ √ √
tpdh 12 X X √ X X X X X
tpdh 13 √ √ X X X X X X
tpdh 14 X X √ X √ √ X √
tpdh 15 √ √ √ X X X X X
tpdh 16 X X X X X X √ X
tpdh 17 X X X X X X X X
tpdh 19 X X X X X X X √
rupfspd;vz;. 10 08 06 07 05 05 06 08
Ehw;WtPjk; 50 40 30 35 25 25 30 40


60
Ehw;WtPjk;

50

40
Gs;spfs;

30

20

10

0
A B C D E F G H

tiuG: Kw;Nrhjidg; Gs;spfspd; guk;gy;

4.3 Ma;Tg;gpur;rpidiaj; njspthf kPs tiuaiw nra;jy;.

Ma;Tg;gpur;rpidNa Ma;tpd; mbj;jskhfpd;wJ.fw;wy; fw;gpj;jypd; rpwg;ghd
nraw;ghl;bw;Fj; jilahf ,Uf;Fk; gpur;rpidia ,dq;fz;l gpd;dNu nray;epiy
Ma;tpid Nkw;nfhs;s KbAk;. ,jw;Fr; Nrfupf;fg;gl;l juTfisg; gFg;gha;T
nra;a Ntz;Lk;. mjd; %yk; khzth;fsplk; fhzg;gl;l gpur;rpidfis Xustpw;F
,dq;fhz KbAk;. ,g;gpur;rpidfis ,dq;fhzy; vd;gJ nray;epiy Ma;tpy;
Kf;fpakhd tplakhf;f fhzg;gLfpwJ. vdNt Ma;nthd;wpy; Ma;Tg;
gpur;rpidiaj; njspthf tiuaiw nra;tJ mtrpakhfpd;wJ.

jkpopy; xypNgjr;nrhw;fisf; fw;gpf;Fk;NghJ khzth;fs; gy;NtW
gpur;rpidfis vjph;Nehf;fpdhh;fs;. mjid ,dq;fz;L mth;fis Kd;Ndw;w
eltbf;if vLf;f Ntz;baJ Mrpupaupd; flikahFk;. ,jdbg;gilapy;
Ma;Tg;gpur;rpidahdJ gpd;tUkhW tiuaWf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

“tpNrlfy;tpayF khzthpilNa xypNgjr;nrhw;fisj; jpUj;jkhf vOJk;
Mw;wiy Nkk;gLj;jy;”


4.4 epiyikia vt;thW khw;wyhk; vd Ma;Tnra;ag;glf; $ba
tpdhit cUthf;fy;

nray;epiy Ma;nthd;wpy; njspthf Ma;Tg;gpur;rpidia ,dq;fz;l gpd;dh;>
gpur;rpidfisj; jPh;g;gjw;F Ma;it xOq;fhfj; jpl;lkpl Ntz;Lk;. Kiwahd
jpl;lkplNy Ma;Ttbtikg;ig xOq;fikf;Fk;. ,j;jpl;lkplyhdJ Fwpf;Nfhis
miltjw;Fk;> nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fk;> Neutiuaiwfisj; jPh;khdpf;fTk;>
Njitg;gLk; tsq;fis mwpaTk;> ,yf;Ffs; va;jg;gl;ldth? vd mwptjw;Fk;
cjTfpd;wd. nray;epiy Ma;itj; jpl;lkplg; gpur;rpidfis ,dq;fz;L
juTfisr; Nrfupj;J mjidg; gFg;gha;T nra;J Ma;T tpdhf;fis vOg;Gjy;
Ma;thsupd; flik MFk;. mitahtd>

1. ,t;tha;tpd; cs;slf;fk; ahJ?
2. milag;gl Ntz;ba Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; ahit?
3. vt;tsT fhyj;jpw;F ,r;nraw;ghL Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;?
4. vjph;ghh;f;fg;gLk; ngWNgWfs; vit?
5. eilKiwg;gLj;jypd; NghJ Kd;Ndw;wj;ij vt;thW fzpf;fyhk;?

Nkw;Fwpj;jthW tpdhf;fis cUthf;Ftjd; %yk; Ma;itj;jpl;lkpl;L
eilKiwg;gLj;jyhk;.

4.5 njhlUk; nraYf;fhd fUJNfhis cUthf;fy;

ve;j xU Ma;tpw;Fk; fUJNfhs; Kd;NjitahdjhFk;. ,q;F fUJNfhs;
vdg;gLtJ xU gpur;rpidapidj; jPh;g;gjw;fhd my;yJ Njhw;wg;ghnlhd;iw
tpsf;Ftjw;fhf Kd;itf;fg;gLfpd;w jw;fhypf tpsf;fkhFk;. ,f;fUJNfhs; gpd;
tha;g;Gg;ghh;f;fg;gl;L cz;ikepiy ngwg;gLk;. ,f;fUJNfhs; jw;nray; KiwapNyh
my;yJ ed;F jpl;lkplg;gl;l KiwapNyh cUthf;fg;glyhk;. vdpDk; mikf;fg;gLk;
fUJNfhs; ,ad;wtiu gupNrhjpf;ff;$bajhf ,Ug;gJld; rk;ge;jg;gl;l
gpur;rpidf;Fj; jPh;Tfhz Ntz;bajhfTk; mika Ntz;Lk;.

,t;tifapy; Ma;tpw;Fl;gLj;jpa khzth;fspd; tpdhf;nfhj;J> mtjhdpg;G>
fye;Jiuahly;> Kw;Nrhjid vd;gtw;wpd; %yk; juTfs; Nrfupf;fg;gl;L gFg;gha;T
nra;ag;gl;ljd; mbg;gilapy;


“xypNgjr;nrhw;fisj; jpUj;jkhf vOJk; Mw;wiy xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;l
gapw;rpfs; %yk; Nkk;gLj;jyhk;” vd;w fUJNfhisf; nfhz;L ,t;tha;T
nraw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.

,t;tpaypy; Nrfupj;j jfty;fis xOq;FgLj;jp mspj;jy; gw;wpAk;
juTg;gFg;gha;T gw;wpAk; Ma;Tg;gpur;rpidiaj; njspthf kPs tiuaiw nra;jy;
gw;wpAk; epiyikia vt;thW khw;wyhk; vd Ma;Tnra;ag;glf;$ba tpdhit
cUthf;fy; gw;wpAk; njhlUk; nraYf;fhd fUJNfhis cUthf;fy; gw;wpAk;
Nehf;fg;gl;lJ. ,dp mLj;j ,aypy; nraYf;fhd jpl;lKk; mKyhf;fKk; gw;wp
Nehf;fg;gLk;.


nraYf;fhd jpl;lKk; mKyhf;fKk;

xU nray; epiy Ma;tpNy jpl;lkpLjy; Kf;fpa gq;if tfpf;fpd;wJ. Ma;it
nrt;tdNt jpl;lkpLk; NghJ jhd; mJ ntw;wpaspf;Fk;. vdNt ,t;tpaypy;
nraYf;fhd jpl;lKk; mKyhf;fKk; gw;wp Nehf;fg;gLk;

5.1 nraiy mKyhf;Ftjw;fhd jpl;lkply;

juTfs; %yk; gFj;jhuhag;gl;l fhuzq;fisf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L nraw;ghLfs;
jpl;lkplg;gLfpd;w ,j;jpl;lkplyhdJ Nehf;fj;jpid epiwNtw;W KfkhfTk;
vjph;fhyf;fy;tpiag; gads;sjhf khw;wTk; Kd;khjpupahfj; jpfo;fpd;wJ.

,t;tifapy; fw;gpj;jypy; fhzg;gl;l Mrpupah;ikaf;fy;tp KiwikiaAk;
tpupTiu KiwiaAk; ePf;fp khzth; Rakhff;fw;Fk; Kiwahd
khzth;ikaf;fy;tpKiwiar; nraw;gLj;;jNtz;Lk;. ,d;iwa cyfpy; khzth;fs;
ntWkNd Gj;jfg;g+r;rpfshfTk; Mrpupah; $Wtij kl;Lk; Nfl;gtuhfTk;
,Uf;ff;$lhJ. fy;tpia mDgtj;jpd; thapyhfg; ngwNtz;Lk;. ,jidNa
&N]hTk; typAWj;Jfpd;whh;.

NkYk; khzth;fisf; FOr;nraw;ghl;by; $basT <LgLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
Vnddpy; xU khztd; jdpahfr;nra;a Kbahj Ntiyiaf; FOthf ,ize;J
nra;Ak;NghJ ,yFthfr;nra;a Kw;gLfpd;whd;. mjidNa ehis mtd; jdpahfr;
nra;a Kd;tUthd;. nkhopapayhsuhd tpnfh];fp FONtiyapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij
‘thz;iktpUj;jpf;fhd tyaj;jpy; <LgLj;jy;’ vd;w fUj;jpy; vLj;Jf;fhl;bAs;shh;.

fw;wy; rpwg;ghf mikaNtz;Lkhapd; fw;gpj;jy; Jizr;rhjdq;fisf;
$basT gad;gLj;JtJld; mtw;iw khzth; ifahs ,lkspg;gJ mtrpak;.
khztuplk; fw;wypy; Mh;tj;jpid Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F nraw;ghLfs; ,lk;ngWk;NghJ
khztUf;Fj; jFe;j ghuhl;Lk; Cf;Ftpg;Gk; toq;fNtz;Lk;. Njitf;Nfw;g
fw;gpj;jy; Kiwia khw;wpaikj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. kh];Nyhtpd; Njitf;nfhs;ifia
mbg;gilahf;fnfhz;L khzth;fSf;Ff; fw;gpf;f Ntz;Lk;. khzth; fw;wypy;
<LgLk;NghJ ghlmyF> fw;Fk;#oy;> ,ltrjp> fw;gpj;jy; cgfuzq;fs; vd;gtw;iwf;
fUj;jpw;nfhz;L mjw;Nfw;g fw;gpj;jiy Nkw;nfhs;Sk;NghJ khztDf;Fj;


‘jd;dhYk; fw;f KbAk;’ vd;w kdg;ghq;F Vw;gLfpd;wJ. ,jw;F Nkyjpf Neuj;ijg;
gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tJld; khzth; tutpid cWjp nra;a Ntz;Lk;.

,t;thwhd mk;rq;fis cs;slf;fpj; jpl;lkpl;Lr; nraw;gLj;Jtjd; %yk;
,t;tha;tpd; Nehf;fj;jpid epiwT nra;ayhk;. ,t;tha;tpw;fhd jpl;lkply;
gpd;tUkhW>

nrad;Kiwj; jpl;lk;

, ij khrp gq;Fdp
y nraw;ghLfs; 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
1 jirehh;g; gapw;rp
√ √
gpnwapy; vOj;Jg; gapw;rp
2 √ √
ghh;j;J vOJjy;
3 √ √ √
Xypehlhtpy; Nfl;ly;
4 √ √
cr;rupg;Gf;F vOJjy;
5 √ √
nghUl;fisj;njhl;Lzh;e;J √
6
vOJjy;
7 thf;fpakhf;fy;
√ √
8 gpnwapy; jl;lr;Rg;gapw;rp
√ √ √

5.2 nraiy mKyhf;Fjy;

• vOJtjw;fhd jirehh; gapw;rp mspj;jy;

,t;tha;tpidr; nraw;gLj;Jjypd; Kjw;gbahf vOJtjw;fhd jirehh; gapw;rp
Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;wJ. gps;isapd; iffSf;Fk; Fwpg;ghf>
mjd;iftpuy;fSf;Fk; Nghjpa nghUj;jkhd gapw;rpfs; mspj;J
topg;gLj;jg;gl;ldh;. ,jw;nfd Ma;thsuhy; gps;isfSf;F toq;fg;gl;l
gapw;rpfshtd>


ntt;NtW tpjkhd fhfpjq;fisg; gy;NtW tbtq;fspy; kbj;jy;>
fpopj;jy;> rpWrpW tbtq;fis Mf;Fjy;.
Fioj;jy;> gpirjy;> gpopjy; Nghd;w nraw;ghLfs;. (fspkz;> kh
tiffs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.)
Gy;NtW nghUl;fisj; njhl;Lzh;e;J ,dq;fhzy;> nghWf;Fjy;>
mLf;Fjy;> tifg;gLj;jy; Nghd;w nraw;ghLfs;.
gy;NtW Ehy;> fapW tiffisr; Rw;Wjy;> fl;Ljy;> mtpo;j;jy;>
gpd;Djy;.
js;Sjy;> ,Oj;jy;> jl;Ljy;> mbj;jy;> Rz;Ljy; Nghd;w nraw;ghLfs;.

• gpnwapy; gapw;rp

gpnwapy; vd;gJ MW Gs;spfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l Xh; vOj;J
tbtkhFk;. gpnwapy; vOJgyifapd; eLNt fhfpjj;ij itj;J>
vOJfUtpahy; Fw;Wtjd; %yk; gpnwapy; vOj;Jf;fis cUthf;f KbAk;.
,t;ntOJ gyifapYs;s xt;nthU nrt;tf tbtKk; $Lfs; vd
miof;fg;gLk;. ,f;$Lfs; xt;nthd;wpDs;Sk; MW Gs;spfis ehk; Fw;w
KbAk;. tyg;gf;f Nky; %iyapy; KjyhtJ Fw;Wk; mjd;fPo; ,uz;lhtJ
Fw;Wk; mjw;Fk; fPo; mjhtJ tyJgf;f fPo; %iyapy; %d;whtJ Fw;Wk;
,lJgf;f Nky; %iyapy; ehd;fhtJ Fw;Wk; mjw;Ff;fPo; Ie;jhtJ Fw;Wk;
mjw;Fk;fPo; mjhtJ ,lJ gf;ff;fPo; %iyapy; MwhtJ Fw;Wk; fhzg;gLk;.
,t;tplj;jpy; gpnwapy; vOj;jhdJ tykpUe;J ,lkhf vOjg;gl;L> gpd;
mf;fhfpjj;ij kWGwkhfj; jpUg;gp thrpf;Fk;NghJ ,lkpUe;J tykhf
thrpf;fg;gLk;.

vdNt ,lkpUe;J tykhf thrpf;Fk;NghJ ,lJGwkhf NkNy
KjyhtJ Fw;Wk; mjw;Ff; fPo; ,uz;lhtJ Fw;Wk; mjw;Fk; fPo; %d;whtJ
Fw;Wk; KjyhtJ Fw;wpd; tyJGwkhf ehd;fhtJ Fw;Wk; ,uz;lhtJ Fw;wpd;
tyJGwkhf Ie;jhtJ Fw;Wk; %d;whtJ Fw;wpd; tyJGwkhf MwhtJ
Fw;Wk; mike;jpUf;Fk;. ,jw;Nfw;g khzth;fSf;F MW Fw;Wg; gapw;rpAk;
ehd;F Fw;Wg; gapw;rpAk; toq;fg;gl;lJ.

• ghh;j;J vOJjy;

jkpopy; cs;s xypNgjr;nrhw;fshd yfu> sfu> ofur; nrhw;fisAk;
dfu> zfur; nrhw;fisAk; ufu> wfur; nrhw;fisAk; gpnwapy; vOj;jpy;
vOjp khzth;fsplk; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. mk;khzth;fs; mjidj; jltp
thrpj;J tpsq;fp mjidg; ghh;j;J mNjNghy; vOj Ntz;Lk; vd


Ma;thsuhy; mwpTWj;jg;gl;ldh;. ,t;thW khzth; jltp thrpj;J mNjNghy;
vOJtjdhy; ve;nje;j ,lj;jpy; vd;ndd;d xypNgjr;nrhw;fs; tUk; vd;gij
mwpe;J nfhz;ldh;. Mj;Jld; mtw;wpf;Fupa gpnwapy; vOj;J tbtq;fisAk;
mwpe;Jnfhz;ldh;.

• Xypg;gjpT ehlhtpy; Nfl;ly;

jkpopy;; cs;s xypNgjr;nrhw;fs; xypehlhtpy; xypg;gjpT nra;ag;gl;l
gpd; khzth;fis mtjhdpf;FkhW $wp xypehlh xypf;ftplg;gl;lJ.
,jd;NghJ khzth;fs; mikjpahf ,Ue;J mjidr; nrtpkLj;jdh;.
,jd;NghJ xt;nthU xypNgjr; nrhy;ypw;Fkhd xyp tpj;jpahrj;ij
khzth;fs; mwpe;Jnfhz;ldh;. mj;Jld; mr;nrhw;fSf;fhd rupahd
cr;rupg;G KiwiaAk; kpfj; njspthf mwpe;J nfhz;ldh;.

• nghUl;fisj; njhl;Lzh;e;J vOJjy;

xypNgjr; nrhw;fisf; nfhz;l nghUl;fs; rpy khztUf;F
toq;fg;gl;ld. mtw;iw khzth;fs; jkJ iffspdhy; njhl;Lzh;e;Jk;
%f;fpdhy; Efh;e;Jk; fhjpdhy; Nfl;Lk; cupa nghUspd; ngaiu
mwpe;Jnfhz;ldh;. mjd;gpd; mg;nghUl;fspd; ngah;fis gpnwapy; vOj;jpy;
vOjpf; fhl;bdh;.

thiog;gok;> ,iy> kpsF> fuz;b> Nriy> Nfhy;> Ehy;,io> Mzp>
jpid> fdp> kuk;> fpsp> ghy;> myupf;fha;> tpshk;gok; Nghd;wNt
khzth;fsplk; toq;fg;gl;l nghUl;fs; MFk;.

• cr;rupg;Gf;F vOJjy; my;yJ nrhy;tnjOJjy;.

Ma;thsuhy; $wg;gLk; xypNgjr;nrhw;fis khzth;fs; Nfl;L> fpufpj;J
vOJkhW topg;gLj;jg;gl;ldh;. khzth;fs; Nfl;L fpufpj;J vOJtjw;fhf
xNunrhy; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; cr;rupf;fg;gl;lJ. ,t;thW khzth;fs; vOjp
Kbe;jTld; mtw;iw thrpf;FkhW Nfl;fg;gl;lJ. khzth;fs; thrpf;Fk;NghJ
jhk; tpl;l rpygpiofisj; jhNk jpUj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;Fr; re;jh;g;gk;
toq;fg;gl;lJ. Vnddpy; gpnwapy; vOJgyifapy; vOJk;NghJ tUk;
vOj;Jg;gpiofis mwpaKbahJ. vOjpa fhfpjj;ij vLj;J jltp
thrpf;Fk;NghJ jhd; vOj;Jg;gpiofis mwpa KbAk;.


• gpnwapy; jl;lr;Rg;nghwpapy; vOjg;gof;Fjy;

Ma;thsuhy; Ma;tpw;Fl;gLj;jpa khzth;fs; fdp;l ,ilepiy
khzth;fs; vd;gjhy; mth;fs; gpnwapy; jl;lr;Rg;nghwpapy; vOjg;goftpy;iy.
MdhYk; gpnwapypy; vOJk; NghNj vOj;Jg;gpiofisj; jpUj;Jtjw;F
cfe;jjhf gpnwapy; jl;lr;Rg;nghwp fhzg;gLtjdhy; mjid
,k;khzth;fSf;Fg; gof;fNtz;ba Njit fhzg;gl;lJ.

,jidg; gofpagpd; khzth;fs; jhk; gpnwapypy; vOjpf;
nfhz;bUf;Fk;NghNj mjidj; jltp thrpj;J vOj;Jg;gpiofisj; jpUj;j
KbfpwJ. Njitapy;yhjtw;iw mopj;J ePf;f KbfpwJ. tpl;l
,lj;jpypUe;J njhlu KbfpwJ.

• xypNgjr;nrhw;fis itj;J thf;fpak; mikj;jy;.

xypNgjr;nrhw;fis itj;J fUj;Js;s thf;fpak; mikf;f ,k;khzth;fs;
topg;gLj;jg;gl;ldh;. ,jd;%yk; xypNgjr; nrhw;fisAk; mtw;wpw;Fupa
fUj;Jf;fisAk; khzth;fs; mwpe;J nfhs;s Kbe;jJ. ,r;nraw;ghl;bd;
NghJ nrhw;fs; vOjpa ml;ilfis toq;fp thf;fpaq;fshf;fp
vOJtpf;fg;gl;lJ. NkYk; njhl;Lzuf;$ba xypNgjr;nrhw;fisf; nfhz;l
nghUl;fisf; fhl;b mjw;F thf;fpak; vOjr;nra;a topg;gLj;jg;gl;ldh;.

,t;thwhd gapw;rpr;nraw;ghLfspy; khzth;fSf;F xypNgjr;nrhw;fs; njhlh;ghfg;
gpd;tUk; gapw;rp tiffs; cjhuzk; fhl;b tpsf;fg;gl;ld.

1. ghh;j;J vOJjy;.
moF – tdg;G
mio - $g;gpL
miu - ghjp
Cz; - czT
fpyp - gak;
Fsp - ePuhL
$w - nrhy;y
edp – kpFjp


2. xypg;gjpT ehlhtpy; Nfl;ly;.
myk; - fyg;ig Mop – fly;> rf;fuk;> Nkhjpuk;
mok; - gzk; Msp – MSgtd;> rpq;fk;> ahsp
mud; - rptd; mup – mW> jpUkhy;> rpq;fk;> tz;L
mwp – czh; ,iw– Cw;W> mZ> murd;> flTs;
Md; - gR fhdk; - ,irg;ghl;L> fhL
Gid – myq;fup fzp – kjp> vz;Z> fzpg;Nghd;

3. nghUj;jkhd vOj;ijf;nfhz;L nrhw;fisg; g+h;j;jpnra;J vOj topg;gLj;jy;.

1) Myk_k; (u> w)
2) njh_f;fhl;rp (is> iy)
3) c_zy; (d;> z;)
4) C_fha; (W> U)
5) F_e;ij (y> o)

4. nghUj;jkhd nrhy;iy itj;J ,ilntsp epug;g topg;gLj;jy;.

1) fhfk; _______ epwk;. (fUg;G> fWg;G)
2) ehis _______ tpoh. (fiy> fis)
3) fpsp _______ jpd;Dk;. (gyk;> gok;)
4) g+f;fs; ______ tPrpd. (kdk;> kzk;)
5) ehd; ________ kPd; rhg;gpl;Nld;. (thio> this)

5. njhlh;GgLj;jp voj topg;gLj;jy;.

1) Xyp Rw;wk;
2) mdy; Ntjk;
3) cwT rj;jk;
4) jiy neUg;G
5) kiw rpuR


6. gpd;tUk; nrhw;fis itj;J thf;fpak; mikf;f topg;gLj;jy;.

1) tpop
2) mWF
3) %is
4) Jiz
5) Njhod;

7. gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;Fr; RUf;fkhd tpil voj topg;gLj;jy;.

1) kapy;fspd; $l;lj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; kuGg;ngah; ahJ?
2) ML fj;Jk; vd;gJNghy Me;ij vd;d nra;Ak;?
3) kzkhd ngz;fs; fOj;jpy; mzpAk; Mguzk; vJ?
4) ez;bd; Mz; ,dk; vt;thW miof;fg;gLk;?
5) Kf;fdpfSk; vit?

,t;thwhd nraw;ghLfisr; nraw;gLj;jpajd; %yk; khzth;fspy; Neubahf
mtjhdpf;ff; $ba mstpw;Fj; Jyq;fy; epfo;e;jJ. khzth;fs;
,r;nraw;ghLfspy; $Ljyhd Mh;tk; fhl;bdh;.

,t;tpaypy; nraiy mKyhf;Ftjw;fhd jpl;lkply; gw;wpAk; nraiy
mKyhf;Fjy; gw;wpAk; Nehf;fg;gl;lJ. ,dp mLj;j ,aypy; epiwTiuAk;
tpjh;g;GiufSk; gw;wp Nehf;fg;gLk;.


epiwTiuAk; tpjg;GiufSk;

Xh; Ma;tpw;F kjpg;gPL Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. mNjNghy; mt;tha;T gw;wpa
epiwTiuAk; tpjg;GiuAk; mtrpakhFk;. kjpg;gPLfspd; mbg;gilapNyNa Ma;tpd;
Nehf;;fk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;ljh? ,y;iyah? vd mwpaKbfpwJ. vdNt ,t;tpaypy;
nraypd; Gyg;ghLfspd; kjpg;gPL gw;wpAk; epiwTiu gw;wpAk; tpjg;Giu gw;wpAk;
Nehf;FNthk;.

6.1 nraypd; Gyg;ghLfspd; kjpg;gPL

tpNrl fy;tpayfpy; fdp;l,ilepiyg; gpuptpYs;s vl;L khzth;fs;
,dq;fhzg;gl;L ,t;tha;tpw;F cl;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wdh;. ,th;fSf;F Kw;Nrhjid
xd;W itf;fg;gl;L mth;fsJ gpur;rpidfs; ,dq;fhzg;gl;ld. mjw;Nfw;g
mth;fSf;Fupa Ntiyj;jpl;lk; xd;W tFf;fg;gl;L mJ eilKiwg; gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
Ma;tpd; Kbtpy; khzth;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij mwpe;J nfhs;tjw;fhfg; gpw;Nrhjid
xd;Wk; elhj;jg;gl;lJ. ,t;tpU NrhjidfspYk; fpilj;j Gs;spfs; tUkhW.

khzth; A B C D E F G H
tpdh 01 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
tpdh 02 √ √ X √ X X X √
tpdh 03 √ √ √ X √ √ √ √
tpdh 04 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
tpdh 05 √ √ √ √ √ X √ √
tpdh 06 √ √ √ √ √ X X √
tpdh 07 X √ X √ X X x X
tpdh 08 √ X √ √ X √ √ √
tpdh 09 √ √ √ X X X √ √
Tpdh 10 √ √ √ √ √ X X √
tpdh 11 √ x √ √ √ √ X √
tpdh 12 √ √ √ x √ √ √ X
tpdh 13 X √ X √ X √ √ √
tpdh 14 √ √ √ X √ X √ √
tpdh 15 √ √ √ √ √ x √ √
tpdh 16 √ X √ √ √ x x √
tpdh 17 √ √ √ √ √ X X X
tpdh 18 X x X X X X x √
tpdh 19 X √ X X X X X X
tpdh 20 √ X X √ X X X X
rupfspd; 16 15 14 14 12 07 10 15
vz;zpf;if
Ehw;WtPjk; 80 75 70 70 60 35 50 75


6.2 Gyg;ghLfspd; njhFg;Gk; mspf;ifAk;

gpw;Nrhjidg; gFg;gha;T

gpw;Nrhjidg; gFg;gha;T
Ehw;WtPjk;
90
80
70
60
Gs;spfs;

50
40
30
20
10
0
A B C D E F G H
khztH

Kw;Nrhjid gpw;Nrhjidg; Gs;spfspd; xg;gPL

,y khzth;fs; Kw;Nrhjidg;Gs;sp gpw;Nrhjidg;Gs;sp
01. A 50 80
02. B 40 75
03. C 30 70
04. D 35 70
05. E 25 60
06. F 25 35
07. G 30 50
08. H 40 75


Kw;
K Nrhji gpw;Nrhjid Gs;s
id dg; spfspd; xg;gPL
Kw;Nrhji Gs;sp
idg; gpw;Nrhjidg;Gs;sp
90
80
70
60
Gs;spfs;
Gsspfs

50
40
30
20
10
0
A B C D E F G H
khz
ztHfs;

Kw;N
Nrhjid gp Nrhjid Gs;spfS Fupa tiuglk;
gpw; dg; Sf; t

Kw;N
Nrhjid> g Nrhjid Gs;spfs xg;gL
gpw; dg; spd; P

Kw;N
Nrhjid> gpw;Nrhji
idg; Gs;sp
spfspd; mbg;gilapy
m fdp;l y; tpNrlf tpayF
fy;
,il
lepiyg;gpupT khzth;fspy; xy
ypNgjr; nr fisj; jpUj;jkh
rhw; hf vOJk; jpwdpy;
Kd;Ndw;wk; Vw;gl;Ls;sj
jh? vd m
mwptjd; %yk; nray;epiy M tpd; nt wpiaj;
% Ma; tw;
jPh;kh
hdpj;Jf; n
nfhs;syhk;
k. ,jid mwptjw;
d wF t – Nr
rhjid gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
j
JNfhshdJ 5%
fUJ J nghUz;ik kl;lj;jpy; Nrhjpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

Kw;Nrhji
idg; gpw;Nrhji
idg;
2
khz fs;
zth; Gs;sp ( 1)
(X Gs;sp (X2)
X D= 2 – X1
=X
A 50 80 30 0 0
B 40 75 35 05 25
C 30 70 40 10 100
D 35 70 35 05 25
E 25 60 35 05 25
F 25 35 10 -20 400
G 30 50 20 -10 100
H 40 75 35 05 25
nkh jk;
hj; 240 700

tpNrl fy;tpayF khz
ztupilNa xyp
ypNgjr; nrhw;fi jpUj;jkhf vOJk;
is v Mw;wiy Nkk;gLj;jy; 38

∑
,q;F D =

=

= 30

#dpaf; fUJNfhs; H0 : KOj;njhFjpf;Fkhd =0

khw;Wf; fUJNfhs; H1 : KOj;njhFjpf;Fkhd ≠ 0

nghUz;ikkl;lk; a = 0.05

∑ 2
epak tpyfy;
1

700

7

       =   10



Dapd; epaktO =
√

=
√

=
.

= 3.5

t fzpf;fg;gl;l ngWkhdk;

t cal   =

=
.

= 8.57


t ml;ltizg; ngWkhdj;jpw;fhf>

Rahjpdg;gb (df) = 8-1

= 7

nghUz;ik kl;lk; (α) = 0.05

ttable = 2.37

/ t cal > ttable

fzpf;fg;gl;l ngWkhdkhdJ ml;ltizg; ngWkhdj;jpYk; $LjyhFk;;. ,q;Nf
fhzg;gLk; NtWghlhdJ nghUz;ikahdjhFk;. vdNt #dpaf;fUJNfhs; H0
epuhfhpf;fg;gl;L khw;Wf;fUj;Jf;Nfhs; H1 Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg; gLfpd;wJ.

MfNt nrayha;tpd; %yk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l eltbf;iffspdhy;
tpNrlfy;tpayF khzth;fs; xypNgjr; nrhw;fisj; jpUj;jkhf vOJk; Mw;wy;
Nkk;gLj;jypy; 5rjtPj nghUz;ikapy; khw;wk; Vw;gl;Ls;sJ vd;gJ
cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

6.3 tpjg;Giufs;

,r;nray;epiy Ma;tpy; ,Ukhzth;fs; rw;Wg; gpd;jq;fpa epiyapNyNa
fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;. ,th;fspy; xU khztDf;Fj; jha;> je;ij ,UtUNk capUld;
,y;iy. 5 rNfhjuh;fs; cs;sdh;. ,th;fs; cwtpdh;fshNyNa guhkupf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;.
kw;iwa khztDf;Fj; jha; ,y;iy. 8 rNfhjuh;fs; cs;sdh;. ,th;fSf;Fj;
je;ijapd; ftdpg;Gk; FiwT. ,t;tpUtUf;Fk; FLk;gr;#oy; fw;f cfe;jjhff;
fhzg;gltpy;iy. NkYk; ,th;fs; XusT fw;wy; ,ayhik cilNahuhfTk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;. vdNt ,th;fSf;F NkYk; gy;NtW tpjkhd gapw;rpfs;
toq;fg;gl;L gpd;D}l;ly; nra;ag;gl;lJ.

khztupd; xypNgjr;nrhw;fis jpUj;jkhf vOJk; Mw;wy; Nkk;gLk;NghJ
mth;fspd; fw;wy; nraw;ghLfis mJ ,yFgLj;Jk;. khzth;fsf;F mLj;J tUk;
juq;fspy; milTkl;lk; cah;e;J nry;Yk;. mj;NjhL Vida ghl Mrpupah;fSf;Fk;
tFg;giwf;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; ,yFgLj;jg;gLk;.


,j;jifa nray;epiy Ma;thdJ vjph;tUk; fhyq;fspy; Ma;thsUf;Ff;
fw;gpj;jypy; njhopy; thz;ik tpUj;jpia mjpfupf;Fk;. mj;Jld; Vida
gapYdh;fl;Fk; ,J topfhl;ly; mwpf;ifahf mikayhk;. tFg;giwf; fw;wy;
fw;gpj;jy; eltbf;iffspd;NghJ gpur;rpid jPh;j;jy; cghakhfTk; mikayhk;.

etPd fy;tpr;rPh;jpUj;jj;jpw;fika khzth;fs; mDgtj;Jld; $Ljyhfj;
Njbf;fw;gjw;F ,lkspf;f Ntz;Lk;. Mrpupah; ghltplaj;jpidf; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L
ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkpl Ntz;Lk;. vy;yh tplaq;fisAk; khzth;fSf;Ff; fw;gpf;ff;
$lhJ. mth;fisj; jhkhfNt rpytplaq;fisj; Njb mwptjw;Fr; re;jh;g;gq;fis
Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,jd; %yk; khzth;fspd; rpe;jpf;Fk; Mw;wiy
Nkk;gLj;jyhk;.

khzth;fSila fy;tpia Cf;Ftpg;gjw;F ntFkjp Kf;fpafUtpahf
mikfpd;wJ. khzth;fs; rupahd Kiwapy; Jyq;Fk;NghJ ntFkjpfs; toq;fg;gLk;
re;jh;g;gj;jpy; khzth; fy;tp Kd;Ndw;wk; milAk;. ntFkjp vDk;NghJ mjidg;
ghuhl;lhfNth> ifjl;ly;ClhfNth> gupRg;nghUl;fshfNth clDf;Fld; toq;Ftjd;
%yk; fw;wypy; khzth;fis Cf;fj;Jld; nraw;gLj;j KbAk;. fw;wypd;
tpirahfj; njhopw;gLtJ Cf;fy;. vdNt khztiu Cf;Ftpg;gjw;F
khztupilNa rpWrpW Nghl;bfs; elhj;jp mth;fSf;Fj; jFe;j ntFkjpfs;
mspg;gjd; Clhf NkYk; fw;wYf;fhd #o;epiyia cUthf;f KbAk;.

khztdJ fw;wy; ,lh;ghl;il ePf;Fk; Kfkhf Mrpupah; jdJ
NkyjpfNeuj;ij khzth;fSf;Fg; gads;s tifapy; gpuNahfpf;Fk; kdg;ghq;F
nfhz;ltuhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. khztUld; md;ghfTk; gz;ghfTk; goFk;
,ay;Gs;stuhfTk; fw;gpj;jy; tplaj;jpYs;s rfytpjkhd tpsf;fq;fisAk; EZfp
Muha;e;J Kd;dhaj;jk; nra;J> nraw;ghLfspd; NghJ gpd;dpw;Fk; khzth;fis
,dq;fz;L mth;fisj; jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy; mZfpg; gpur;rpidfis Muha;e;J
fw;gpj;jy; El;gKiwfisg; gad;gLj;jpg; gupfhuf;fw;gpj;jiy Nkw;nfhs;syhk;.

fw;gpj;jypd; NghJ etPd Jizr;rhjdq;fsig; gad;glj;jy;>
GjpaEl;gKiwfisf; ifahSjy;> khzth; tpUg;Gf;F ,lkspj;jy;> gbKiw
tsh;r;rpapy; fw;gpj;jiy Nkw;nfhs;Sjy; Nghd;w nraw;ghLfis Mrpupah;
Nkw;nfhs;tjd; %yk; khzth;fsJ fw;Fk; Mh;tj;ijj; J}z;lyhk;.


NkYk; ,k;khzth;fSf;Fg; ghlg;Gj;jfq;fis gpnwapy; vOj;jpy;
mbj;Jf;nfhLf;f eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,jdhy; mth;fSf;Ff;
fw;gjpy; Vw;gLk; gy gpur;rpidfSf;Fj; jPh;T fpilf;Fk;. mj;Jld; NgRk; fzdpg;
gapw;rpAk; fl;lhakhf toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. NgRk; fzdpia ,k;khzth;fs;
jhkhfNt ifahsj;jf;f tifapy; mth;fSf;Fg; gapw;rpaspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

,d;iwa khzth;fs; ehisa cyfpd; jiyth;fs; Mthh;. vdNt
mth;fis Kd;Ndw;Wtjpy; Mrpupaupd; gq;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;. vdNt
Mrpupah;fs; ,t;tifahd nray;epiy Ma;Tfis Nkw;nfhs;tjd; %yk;
khzth;fis Kd;Ndw;wyhk;.

6.4 epiwTiu

vkJ jha;nkhopf;fy;tpapy; nkhopj;jpwd; tpUj;jp Kf;fpa ,lj;ij
tfpf;fpd;wJ. xt;nthU kdpjDk; jdJ rpe;jidiaf; fw;gid%yk;
ntspg;gLj;jTk; tuptbtpy; mikf;fTk; vOj;Jj;jpwd; Kf;fpaKilajhff;
fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,e;jtifapy; khzth;fs; xypNgjr;nrhw;fisj; jpUj;jkhf vOJk;
jpwid tpUj;jp nra;jy; mtrpakhdjhFk;.

,t;tha;thdJ khzth;fs; midj;Jg; ghlq;fspYk; jpwikahfr;
nraw;glj;jf;f tifapy; mth;fsJ fy;tpj;juj;jpid cah;j;j xU Cd;WNfhyhf
mikfpd;wJ.


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