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04 bits andarithmetic
1.
© Christian Jacob Chapter
Overview Chapter 4 Binary Data Representation and Binary Arithmetic 4.1 Binary Data Representation 4.2 Important Number Systems for Computers 4.2.1 Number System Basics 4.2.2 Useful Number Systems for Computers 4.2.3 Decimal Number System 4.2.4 Binary Number System 4.2.5 Octal Number System 4.2.6 Hexadecimal Number System 4.2.7 Comparison of Number Systems 4.3 Powers of 2
2.
© Christian Jacob Chapter
Overview 4.4 Conversions Between Number Systems 4.4.1 Conversion of Natural Numbers 4.4.2 Conversion of Rational Numbers 4.5 Binary Logic 4.6 Binary Arithmetic 4.7 Negative Numbers and Complements 4.7.1 Problems of Signed Number Representation 4.7.2 1-Complement ((B-1)-Complement) 4.7.3 2-Complement (B-Complement) 4.8 Floating Point Numbers 4.8.1 Mantissa and Exponent 4.8.2 Floating Point Arithmetics 4.8.3 Limited Precision 4.9 Representation of Strings 4.9.1 Representation of Characters 4.9.2 Representation of Strings
3.
Page 3 Chapter
4: Binary Data Representation and Arithmetic © Christian Jacob First Back TOC Prev Next Last 4.1 Binary Data Representation Bit: smallest unit of information yes / no, on / off, L / 0, 1 / 0, 5V / 0V Byte: group of 8 bits --> 28 = 256 different states Word: the number of bits (word length) which can be processed by a computer in a single step (e.g., 32 or 64) --> machine dependent Representation: n-1 2n-1 3 8 2 4 1 2 0 1 . . .
4.
Page 4 Chapter
4: Binary Data Representation and Arithmetic © Christian Jacob First Back TOC Prev Next Last • The word size in any given computer is fixed. Example: 16-bit word ⇒ every word (memory location) can hold a 16-bit pattern, with each bit either 0 or 1. How many distinct patterns are there in a 16-bit word? • Each bit has 2 possible values: 0 or 1 ⇒ 1 bit has 2 distinct patterns: 0, 1 • With 2 bits, each position has 2 possible values: 00, 01, 10, 11 ⇒ 22 = 4 distinct bit patterns
5.
Page 5 Chapter
4: Binary Data Representation and Arithmetic © Christian Jacob First Back TOC Prev Next Last • With 3 bits, again each position can be either 0 or 1: 000 100 001 101 010 110 011 111 ⇒ 23 = 8 distinct bit patterns • In general, for n bits (a word of length n) we have 2n distinct bit patterns. • NOTE: What these bit patterns mean depends entirely on the context in which the patterns are used.
6.
Page 6 Chapter
4: Binary Data Representation and Arithmetic © Christian Jacob First Back TOC Important Number Systems for Computers Prev Next Last 4.2 Important Number Systems for Computers 4.2.1 Number System Basics • Number systems, as we use them, consist of - a basic set of digits (or letters); example: - a base (how many digits); example: • A number is a linear sequence of digits. • The value of a digit at a specific position depends on its “assigned meaning” and on its position. • The value of a number is the sum of these values. Number: with word length Value: Z Z 0 1 2 … 9, , , ,{ }= B Z= B Z 10= = N NB dn 1– dn 2– …d1d0= n NB di B i ⋅ i 0= n 1– ∑ dn 1– B n 1– dn 2– B n 2– … d1B 1 d0B 0 + + + += =
7.
Page 7 Chapter
4: Binary Data Representation and Arithmetic © Christian Jacob First Back TOC Important Number Systems for Computers Prev Next Last 4.2.2 Useful Number Systems for Computers Name Base Digits dual binary 2 0, 1 octal 8 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 decimal 10 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 hexadecimal sedecimal 16 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F
8.
Page 8 Chapter
4: Binary Data Representation and Arithmetic © Christian Jacob First Back TOC Important Number Systems for Computers Prev Next Last 4.2.3 Decimal Number System ; • Each position to the left of a digit increases by a power of 10. • Each position to the right of a digit decreases by a power of 10. Example: 4769210 = 2 · 100 + 9 · 101 + 6 · 102 + 7 · 103 + 4 · 104 = 2 + 90 + 600 + 7000 + 40000 Z 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9, , , , , , , , ,{ }= B 10=
9.
Page 9 Chapter
4: Binary Data Representation and Arithmetic © Christian Jacob First Back TOC Important Number Systems for Computers Prev Next Last 4.2.4 Binary Number System ; • Each position to the left of a digit increases by a power of 2. • Each position to the right of a digit decreases by a power of 2. Example: 101110012 = 1 · 20 + 0 · 21 + 0 · 22 + 1 · 23 + 1 · 24 + 1 · 25 + 0 · 26 + 1 · 27 = 1 + 8 + 16 + 32 + 128 =18510 Z 0 1,{ }= B 2=
10.
Page 10 Chapter
4: Binary Data Representation and Arithmetic © Christian Jacob First Back TOC Important Number Systems for Computers Prev Next Last Counting in Binary Decimal Dual Decimal Dual 0 00 000 16 10 000 1 00 001 17 10 001 2 00 010 18 10 010 3 00 011 19 10 011 4 00 100 20 10 100 5 00 101 21 10 101 6 00 110 22 10 110 7 00 111 23 10 111 8 01 000 24 11 000 9 01 001 25 11 001 10 01 010 26 11 010 11 01 011 27 11 011 12 01 100 28 11 100 13 01 101 29 11 101 14 01 110 30 11 110 15 01 111 31 11 111
11.
Page 11 Chapter
4: Binary Data Representation and Arithmetic © Christian Jacob First Back TOC Important Number Systems for Computers Prev Next Last 4.2.5 Octal Number System ; • Each position to the left of a digit increases by a power of 8. • Each position to the right of a digit decreases by a power of 8. Example: 124038 = 3 · 80 + 0 · 81 + 4 · 82 + 2 · 83 + 1 · 84 = 3 · 1 + 0 · 8 + 4 · 64 + 2 · 512 + 1 · 4096 = 537910 Z 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7, , , , , , ,{ }= B 8=
12.
Page 12 Chapter
4: Binary Data Representation and Arithmetic © Christian Jacob First Back TOC Important Number Systems for Computers Prev Next Last Counting in Octal Decimal Octal Decimal Octal 0 0 0 16 2 0 1 0 1 17 2 1 2 0 2 18 2 2 3 0 3 19 2 3 4 0 4 20 2 4 5 0 5 21 2 5 6 0 6 22 2 6 7 0 7 23 2 7 8 1 0 24 3 0 9 1 1 25 3 1 10 1 2 26 3 2 11 1 3 27 3 3 12 1 4 28 3 4 13 1 5 29 3 5 14 1 6 30 3 6 15 1 7 31 3 7
13.
Page 13 Chapter
4: Binary Data Representation and Arithmetic © Christian Jacob First Back TOC Important Number Systems for Computers Prev Next Last 4.2.6 Hexadecimal Number System ; Each position to the left of a digit increases by a power of 16. Each position to the right of a digit decreases by a power of 16. Example: FB40A16 = 10 · 160 + 0 · 161 + 4 · 162 + 11 · 163 + 15 · 164 = 10 · 1 + 0 · 16 + 4 · 256 + 11 · 4096 + 15 · 65536 = 1,029,13010 Z 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F, , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,{ }= B 16=
14.
Page 14 Chapter
4: Binary Data Representation and Arithmetic © Christian Jacob First Back TOC Important Number Systems for Computers Prev Next Last Counting in Hexadecimal Decimal Hexadecimal Decimal Hexadecimal 0 0 0 16 1 0 1 0 1 17 1 1 2 0 2 18 1 2 3 0 3 19 1 3 4 0 4 20 1 4 5 0 5 21 1 5 6 0 6 22 1 6 7 0 7 23 1 7 8 0 8 24 1 8 9 0 9 25 1 9 10 0 A 26 1 A 11 0 B 27 1 B 12 0 C 28 1 C 13 0 D 29 1 D 14 0 E 30 1 E 15 0 F 31 1 F
15.
Page 15 Chapter
4: Binary Data Representation and Arithmetic © Christian Jacob First Back TOC Important Number Systems for Computers Prev Next Last 4.2.7 Comparison of Number Systems Decimal Dual Octal Hexadecimal Decimal Dual Octal Hexadecimal 0 00 000 0 0 0 0 16 10 000 2 0 1 0 1 00 001 0 1 0 1 17 10 001 2 1 1 1 2 00 010 0 2 0 2 18 10 010 2 2 1 2 3 00 011 0 3 0 3 19 10 011 2 3 1 3 4 00 100 0 4 0 4 20 10 100 2 4 1 4 5 00 101 0 5 0 5 21 10 101 2 5 1 5 6 00 110 0 6 0 6 22 10 110 2 6 1 6 7 00 111 0 7 0 7 23 10 111 2 7 1 7 8 01 000 1 0 0 8 24 11 000 3 0 1 8 9 01 001 1 1 0 9 25 11 001 3 1 1 9 10 01 010 1 2 0 A 26 11 010 3 2 1 A 11 01 011 1 3 0 B 27 11 011 3 3 1 B 12 01 100 1 4 0 C 28 11 100 3 4 1 C 13 01 101 1 5 0 D 29 11 101 3 5 1 D 14 01 110 1 6 0 E 30 11 110 3 6 1 E 15 01 111 1 7 0 F 31 11 111 3 7 1 F
16.
Page 16 Chapter
4: Binary Data Representation and Arithmetic © Christian Jacob First Back TOC Powers of 2 Prev Next Last 4.3 Powers of 2 N 2N N 2N 0 1 17 131,072 1 2 18 262,144 2 4 19 524,288 3 8 20 1,048,576 4 16 21 2,097,152 5 32 22 4,194,304 6 64 23 8,388,608 7 128 24 16,777,216 8 256 25 33,554,432 9 512 26 67,108,864 10 1,024 27 134,217,728 11 2,048 28 268,435,456 12 4,096 29 536,870,912 13 8,192 30 1,073,741,824 14 16,384 31 2,147,483,648 15 32,768 32 4,294,967,296 16 65,536 33 8,589,934,592
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Page 17 Chapter
4: Binary Data Representation and Arithmetic © Christian Jacob First Back TOC Conversions Between Number Systems Prev Next Last 4.4 Conversions Between Number Systems 4.4.1 Conversion of Natural Numbers Base 10 ⇒ Base B Conversion We use the metod of iterated division to convert a number of base 10 into a number of base . 1. Divide the number by : whole number & remainder . - Take as the next number to be divided by . - Keep as the next left-most digit of the new number . 2. If is zero then STOP, else set and go to step 1. N10 NB B N10 B N R N B R NB N N10 N=
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4: Binary Data Representation and Arithmetic © Christian Jacob First Back TOC Conversions Between Number Systems Prev Next Last Example: 102010 = ? 8 Number to be converted: ; target base Step 1: 1020 : 8 = 127 Remainder: 4 127 · 8 = 1016 Step 2: 127 : 8 = 15 Remainder: 7 15 · 8 = 120 Step 3: 15 : 8 = 1 Remainder: 7 1 · 8 = 8 Step 4: 1 : 8 = 0 Remainder: 1 ⇒ 102010 = 17748 N10 1020= B 8=
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4: Binary Data Representation and Arithmetic © Christian Jacob First Back TOC Conversions Between Number Systems Prev Next Last Base B ⇒ Base 10 Conversion We use the metod of iterated multiplication to convert a number of base into a number of base 10. We simply add the “contribution” of each digit. Example: 1F216 = ?10 Number to be converted: ; target base 1F216 = 2 · 160 + 15 · 161 + 1 · 162 = 2 + 240 + 256 ⇒ 1F216 = 49810 NB B N10 N16 1F2= B 10=
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4: Binary Data Representation and Arithmetic © Christian Jacob First Back TOC Conversions Between Number Systems Prev Next Last Conversions between Numbers 2n and 2m • Conversion 2n ⇒ 21 n = 3: octal ⇒ dual: Replace 1 octal digit by 3 binary digits. Example: 3 5 78 = 011 101 1112 n = 4: hexadecimal ⇒ dual Replace 1 hexadecimal digit by 4 binary digits. Example: 1 F 216 = 0001 1111 00102
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4: Binary Data Representation and Arithmetic © Christian Jacob First Back TOC Conversions Between Number Systems Prev Next Last • Conversion 21 ⇒ 2n n = 3: dual ⇒ octal: Replace 3 binary digits by 1 octal digit. Example: 1011110102 = 101 111 0102 = 5 7 28 n = 4: hexadecimal ⇒ dual Replace 4 binary digits by 1 hexadecimal digit. Example: 110001111100102 = 11 0001 1111 00102 = 3 1 F 216
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4: Binary Data Representation and Arithmetic © Christian Jacob First Back TOC Conversions Between Number Systems Prev Next Last • Conversion 2n ⇒ 2m 2n ⇒ 21 ⇒ 2m Example: octal ⇒ hexadecimal 263518 = 2 6 3 5 18 octal to binary: = 010 110 011 101 0012 rearrange binary: = 0010 1100 1110 10012 = 2 C E 916
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4: Binary Data Representation and Arithmetic © Christian Jacob First Back TOC Conversions Between Number Systems Prev Next Last 4.4.2 Conversion of Rational Numbers Note: An exact conversion of rational numbers ⇒ or ⇒ is not always possible. • We want: , where is a “sufficiently” small number. Base B ⇒ Base 10 Conversion Example: 0.110012 = ?10 0.11001 = 1 · 2-1 + 1 · 2-2 + 0 · 2-3 + 0 · 2-4 + 1 · 2-5 = 1 · 0.5 + 1 · 0.25 + 0 · 0.125 + 0 · 0.0625 + 1 · 0.03125 = 0.5 + 0.25 + 0.03125 = 0.7812510 R10 RB RB R10 R10 RB ε+= ε
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4: Binary Data Representation and Arithmetic © Christian Jacob First Back TOC Conversions Between Number Systems Prev Next Last Base 10 ⇒ Base B Conversion Example: 0.1910 = ?2 with k = 9 bit precision ⇒ 0.1910 = 0.0011000012 + ε Step Operation 1 0.19 0.19 · 2 = 0.38 0.38 0 2 0.38 0.38 · 2 = 0.76 0.76 0 3 0.76 0.76 · 2 = 1.52 0.52 1 4 0.52 0.52 · 2 = 1.04 0.04 1 5 0.04 0.04 · 2 = 0.08 0.08 0 6 0.08 0.08 · 2 = 0.16 0.16 0 7 0.16 0.16 · 2 = 0.32 0.32 0 8 0.32 0.32 · 2 = 0.64 0.64 0 9 0.64 0.64 · 2 = 1.28 0.28 1 i N R z i–( ) Multiplication!
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4: Binary Data Representation and Arithmetic © Christian Jacob First Back TOC Binary Logic Prev Next Last 4.5 Binary Logic Logical AND ( ) Logical OR ( ) AND 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 OR 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 x y∧ x y∨
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4: Binary Data Representation and Arithmetic © Christian Jacob First Back TOC Binary Logic Prev Next Last Logical NOT ( , negation) Logical XOR (exclusive OR) Logical NAND (negated AND) x 0 1 1 0 XOR 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 NAND 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 x¬ x¬
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4: Binary Data Representation and Arithmetic © Christian Jacob First Back TOC Binary Logic Prev Next Last Examples: 11001010 01000111 11110000 AND 00110101 01110010 10101010 00000000 01000010 10100000 11001010 01000111 11110000 NAND 00110101 01110010 10101010 11111111 10111101 01011111 11001010 01000111 11110000 OR 00110101 01110010 10101010 11111111 01110111 11111010 11001010 01000111 11110000 XOR 00110101 01110010 10101010 11111111 00110101 01011010
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4: Binary Data Representation and Arithmetic © Christian Jacob First Back TOC Binary Arithmetic Prev Next Last 4.6 Binary Arithmetic Elementary Rules for addition, subtraction, and multiplication Operation Result Carry Addition 0 + 0 0 + 1 1 + 0 1 + 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 Subtraction 0 - 0 0 - 1 1 - 0 1 - 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 Multiplication 0 · 0 0 · 1 1 · 0 1 · 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
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4: Binary Data Representation and Arithmetic © Christian Jacob First Back TOC Binary Arithmetic Prev Next Last Examples: Addition: Subtraction: 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 + 1 0 1 1 - 1 0 1 0 ––––––––––––––––- ––––––––––––––––- carry: 1 0 1 1 carry: 1 0 1 0 + 1 0 1 1 1 -1 1 1 0 ––––––––––––––––- ––––––––––––––––- 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1010 1310 + 1110 - 1010 ––––––––––––––––- ––––––––––––––––- 2110 310
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4: Binary Data Representation and Arithmetic © Christian Jacob First Back TOC Binary Arithmetic Prev Next Last Multiplication: 1 1 1 · 1 0 1 –––––––––––––––––––––––– 1 1 1 0 0 0 + 1 1 1 –––––––––––––––––––––––– carry: 1 + 1 carry: 1 + 1 carry: 1 + 1 –––––––––––––––––––––––– 1 0 0 0 1 1
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4: Binary Data Representation and Arithmetic © Christian Jacob First Back TOC Negative Numbers and Complements Prev Next Last 4.7 Negative Numbers and Complements Integer Numbers: A possible representation Number = sign & value • sign = 0 ⇒ +, positive number • sign = 1 ⇒ -, negative number Range of integer numbers for n bits: - 2n-1+1 … 2n-1-1 15 14 1 0 sign value
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4: Binary Data Representation and Arithmetic © Christian Jacob First Back TOC Negative Numbers and Complements Prev Next Last Example (1): n = 3 Range: - 23-1+1 … 23-1-1 = - 22+1 … 22-1 = - 4 + 1 … 4 -1 = -3 ... +3 Sign Value Number 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 2 0 1 1 3 1 0 0 ? 1 0 1 - 1 1 1 0 - 2 1 1 1 - 3 Negative zero?
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4: Binary Data Representation and Arithmetic © Christian Jacob First Back TOC Negative Numbers and Complements Prev Next Last 4.7.1 Problems of Signed Number Representation • Given 2 binary numbers: one positive, one negative 0 0 1 1 0 0 (base 2) 12 (base 10) + 1 0 1 1 1 1 -15 ––––––––––––––– –––––– 1 1 1 0 1 1 (= -2710) -3 • “1-1”: 1 - 1 = 1 + (-1) = 0 ? 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 + 1 0 0 1 - 0 0 1 –––––––––––– ––––––––– 1 0 1 0 (= -210) 0 0 0 Clearly this won´t work! Solution: 1-Complement and 2-Complement
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4: Binary Data Representation and Arithmetic © Christian Jacob First Back TOC Negative Numbers and Complements Prev Next Last 4.7.2 1-Complement ((B-1)-Complement) We represent negative numbers by negating the positive representation of the number (and vice versa): • any 1 is changed to a 0 • any 0 is changed to a 1 Example: Binary Decimal One´s Complement Decimal 0 1001 9 1 0110 - 9 1 1001 -6 0 0110 + 6 0 0000 0 1 1111 -15 0 1111 15 1 0000 ? Problem!
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4: Binary Data Representation and Arithmetic © Christian Jacob First Back TOC Negative Numbers and Complements Prev Next Last 4.7.3 2-Complement (B-Complement) • Positive numbers are represented as usual. • Negative numbers are created by - negating the positive value and - adding one (this avoids the negative zero). Examples: Binary Decimal Two´s Complement Decimal 0 1001 9 1 0110 + 1 = 1 0111 -9 0 1101 3 1 0010 + 1 = 1 0011 -3 0 0000 0 1 1111 + 1 = 0 0000 0 0 1111 15 1 0000 + 1 = 1 0001 -15 1 1111 -1 ¬(1 1111 - 1) = ¬(1 1110) = 0 0001 1 1 0110 -10 0 1010 10
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4: Binary Data Representation and Arithmetic © Christian Jacob First Back TOC Negative Numbers and Complements Prev Next Last Number ring for 5-digit 2-complement 00000 00001 000100001100100 00101 00110 00111 11000 10111 10110 10101 101001001110010 10001 11111 11110 11101 11100 1101111010 11001 10000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1415 16 -16 positive numbers negative numbers 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 -10 -11 -12 -13 -14-15 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 01000 01001 0101001011 01100 01101 01110 01111 SubtractionAddition
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4: Binary Data Representation and Arithmetic © Christian Jacob First Back TOC Negative Numbers and Complements Prev Next Last With the 2-complement, subtractions can be performed as simple additions: Example: 5 digit precision, base 10 Example 1 Example 2 B = 10 1410 - 710 910 - 1310 Complement 7: 00111 (-7)B-1: 11000 + 1 ––––––– (-7)B: 11001 13: 01101 (-13)B-1: 10010 + 1 ––––––– (-13)B: 10011 Addition 14: 01110 +(-7)B: + 11001 ––––––––– 7: 1 00111 9: 01001 +(-13)B: + 10011 ––––––––– -4: 11100
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4: Binary Data Representation and Arithmetic © Christian Jacob First Back TOC Floating Point Numbers Prev Next Last 4.8 Floating Point Numbers 4.8.1 Mantissa and Exponent Recall the general form of numbers expressed in scientific notation: • 3.141592653589793238462643383279502884197 • 6.02 x 1023 Printed out by a computer these numbers usually look like this: • 3.1415e0 • 6.02e23 This representation saves space and reduces redundancy. Hence, the usual format for a 32-bit real (floating point) number is: mantissa = 21 bits exponent = 11 bits
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4: Binary Data Representation and Arithmetic © Christian Jacob First Back TOC Floating Point Numbers Prev Next Last 4.8.2 Floating Point Arithmetics Example: 0.740 · 105 + 0.843 · 103 Addition: • 1. Identify mantissae and exponents • 2. Compare exponents • 3. Adjust exponents if necessary • 4. Adjust the shorter mantissa • 5. Add mantissae • 6. Normalize mantissa • 7. Adjust exponent Operands Compare Exponents Adjust Exponents and Mantissae 0.740 · 105 0.843 · 103 e1 - e2 = 2 0.740 · 105 + 0.008 · 105 Result: 0.748 · 105
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4: Binary Data Representation and Arithmetic © Christian Jacob First Back TOC Floating Point Numbers Prev Next Last Example: Multiplication • 1. Multiply of mantissae • 2. Normalize mantissae • 3. Adjust exponents • 4. Add exponents Example: (0.792 · 105) · (0.116 · 10-3) • Step 1: multiplication of the mantissae: 0.792 · 0.116 = 0.792 · 10-1 + 0.792 · 10-2 + 4.752 · 10-3
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4: Binary Data Representation and Arithmetic © Christian Jacob First Back TOC Floating Point Numbers Prev Next Last • Step 1 (cont.): step-by-step multiplication of the mantissae 0.792 · 10-1 0.792 · 10-1 0.871 · 10-1 + 0.792 · 10-2 0.079 · 10-1 0.918 · 10-1 + 0.4752 · 10-2 0.047 · 10-1 • Step 2: 5 + (-3) + (-1) = 1 • Result: 0.918 · 101 (with 3 digits of precision in the mantissa) • Step 1 (cont.): step-by-step multiplication of the mantissae 0.792 · 10-1 0.792 · 10-1 0.871 · 10-1 + 0.792 · 10-2 0.079 · 10-1 0.918 · 10-1 + 0.4752 · 10-2 0.047 · 10-1 Step 2: Add exponents 5 + (-3) + (-1) = 1 • Result: 0.918 · 101 (with 3 digits of precision)
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4: Binary Data Representation and Arithmetic © Christian Jacob First Back TOC Floating Point Numbers Prev Next Last 4.8.3 Limited Precision Note: Not all values can be represented! Example: - mantissa: 2 decimal digits - exponent: 1 decimal digit • Sample number: 74 · 102 = 7400 What is the next higher value? 75 · 102 = 7500 What about values 7400 < x < 7500? ⇒ They cannot be represented!!! • Remedy, but not a perfect solution: Increase the number of mantissa digits.
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4: Binary Data Representation and Arithmetic © Christian Jacob First Back TOC Representation of Strings Prev Next Last 4.9 Representation of Strings 4.9.1 Representation of Characters Usually: single characters are represented by 1 byte different standards: ASCII1, EBCDIC2 Currently: internationalization with Unicode a single character is represented by 2 bytes 1. ASCII: American Standard Code for Information Interchange 2. EBCDIC: Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (derived from punch card standards)
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4: Binary Data Representation and Arithmetic © Christian Jacob First Back TOC Representation of Strings Prev Next Last ASCII Character Encoding Compare the Unicode character encodings … D C D C D C D C D C D C D C D C 0 NUL 16 DLE 32 SP 48 0 64 @ 80 P 96 ‘ 112 p 1 SCH 17 DC1 33 ! 49 1 65 A 81 Q 97 a 113 q 2 STX 18 DC2 34 “ 50 2 66 B 82 R 98 b 114 r 3 ETX 19 DC3 35 # 51 3 67 C 83 S 99 c 115 s 4 EOT 20 DC4 36 $ 52 4 68 D 84 T 100 d 116 t 5 ENQ 21 NAK 37 % 53 5 69 E 85 U 101 e 117 u 6 ACK 22 SYN 38 & 54 6 70 F 86 V 102 f 118 v 7 BEL 23 ETB 39 ´ 55 7 71 G 87 W 103 g 119 w 8 BS 24 CAN 40 ( 56 8 72 H 88 X 104 h 120 x 9 HT 25 EM 41 ) 57 9 73 I 89 Y 105 i 121 y 10 LF 26 SUB 42 * 58 : 74 J 90 Z 106 j 122 z 11 VT 27 ESC 43 + 59 ; 75 K 91 [ 107 k 123 { 12 FF 28 FS 44 , 60 < 76 L 92 108 l 124 | 13 CR 29 GS 45 - 61 = 77 M 93 ] 109 m 125 } 14 S0 30 RS 46 . 62 > 78 N 94 ^ 110 n 126 ~ 15 S1 31 US 47 / 63 ? 79 O 95 _ 111 o 127 DEL
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4: Binary Data Representation and Arithmetic © Christian Jacob First Back TOC Representation of Strings Prev Next Last 4.10 Representation of Strings Strings are represented by sequences of characters (⇒ usually: byte sequence) 1. Fixed length strings (example: length = 7) 2. Variable length strings 3. Encoding with string length at the beginning 1 P 2 e 3 t 4 e 5 r 6 SP 7 SP 1 C 2 o 3 m 4 p 5 u 6 t 7 e r 1 P 2 e 3 t 4 e 5 r 6 NUL 7 n-1 n 2 P 3 e 4 t 5 e 6 r 7 8 n-1 n1 5
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4: Binary Data Representation and Arithmetic © Christian Jacob First Back TOC Representation of Strings Prev Next Last With ASCII charcter encoding string comparisons are possible: ´AA´ < ´AD´ because: 101 1018 < 101 1048 ´AA´ < ´Aa´ 101 1018 < 101 1418 ´A1´ < ´AA´ 101 0618 < 101 1018 Hence, sorting of strings becomes easy: ⇒ Compare their numerical representations!
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