1. AN
Y M
IC U
L R
O T N
P E O
N H TI
IG T RA
E G T
R IN S
IN
S M
TA
O R
A
F U INI
ID
NJ
TA
|
K
DA
PAJ
NA
LI
D M
RO
KA
|
UR
D
KA
JIT
A
ER
M
SI
|
AD
AHM
H
R DA
VE

3. • Truman was left with many options in
ending war with Japan
• Attack on Japanese mainland would
produce thousands of casualties
• Japanese flatly rejected Potsdam
Declaration

4. The “Big Three”
meet to discuss
postwar Europe

6. Nuremburg Trials
From Left to Right:
Sir Norman Birkett & Sir Geoffrey
Lawrence – Britain’s Main and
Alternate Judges

7. Tokyo Trials
“The following acts, or any of them, are crimes coming within the
jurisdiction of the Tribunal for which there shall be individual
responsibility:
(a) Crimes against Peace: Namely, the planning, preparation,
initiation or waging of a declared or undeclared war of aggression,
or a war in violation of international law, treaties, agreements or
assurances, or participation in a common plan or conspiracy for
the accomplishment of any of the foregoing;
(b) Conventional War Crimes: Namely, violations of the laws or
customs of war;
(c) Crimes against Humanity: Namely, murder, extermination,
enslavement, deportation, and other inhumane acts committed
against any civilian population, before or during the war, or
persecutions on political or racial grounds in execution of or in
connection with any crime within the jurisdiction of the Tribunal,
whether or not in violation of the domestic law of the country
where perpetrated...”
Source: Charter of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East 1946

8. SOVIET – U.S. RELATIONS
• Alliance during war was of
convenience – not mutual
trust
• Soviet takeover of Eastern
Europe worried liberal
democracies
• Many compared Russian
government to Hitler's
regime

9. SATELLITE STATES IN EASTERN EUROPE
 Soviets sought to
fortify western flank
from attack
 Communist dictators
came to power in
Poland, Romania,
Bulgaria, Albania,
Hungary, and
Czechoslovakia
 U.S. and British
governments were
deeply alarmed
Source: Leslie Illingworth, Daily Mail, June
1947

10. Occupation Zones of Germany
• Temporary Soviet
occupation zones
became new
communist states
• Soviets wanted a
weaker German nation
• U.S. and G.B. viewed
recovery of Germany
as significant to Central
Europe

11. Source: Jay "Ding" Darling, “We Tried Everything But
Dynamite”, New York Times 1947

12. Containment Policyin its current borders
- U.S. aimed to contain Communism
- Avoid the domino effect of Communist takeover
- Doctrine was expanded to cover the world
- George Kennan’s “Long Telegram”

13. Truman Doctrine
• Britain removed forces in Greece and
Turkey
• Western Allies feared Communist
victory in Greek Civil War would
jeopardize the political stability of
Turkey
• March 1947: Truman asked for $400
million in military and economic aid to
Greece and Turkey against totalitarian
governments
• Reoriented foreign policy from
withdrawn position to active
intervention in foreign matters

14. Marshall Plan
It is logical that the United States
should do whatever it is able to do
to assist in the return of normal
economic health in the world,
without which there can be no
political stability and no assured
peace. Our policy is directed not
against any country or doctrine but
against hunger, poverty,
desperation, and chaos. Its
purpose should be the revival of a
working economy in the world so
as to permit the emergence of
political and social conditions in
which free institutions can exist.
Source: Speech at Harvard University,
George Marshall, April 1948

17. • Idea born at Dumbarton
Oaks Conference, formulated
and negotiated at Yalta
Conference
• Intended to promote
international security and
prevent future global conflicts
• Atomic Energy Commission
created after U.S. proposal
and Soviet agreement

18.  June 1948: Soviets cut
off all land access to
Berlin
 Truman responds with
air supply drop offs

19. “To promote the national
security by providing for
a Secretary of Defense;
for a National Military
Establishment; for a
Department of the Army,
a Department of the
Navy, and a Department
of the Air Force; and for
the coordination of
activities of the National
Military Establishment
with other departments
and agencies of the
Government concerned
with the national
security.”
Source: National Security Act, November 4, 1952

20. If war should begin in 1950, the United States and
If war should begin in 1950, the United States and
its allies will have the military capability of
its allies will have the military capability of
conducting defensive operations to provide a
conducting defensive operations to provide a
reasonable measure of protection to the Western
reasonable measure of protection to the Western
Hemisphere, bases in the Western Pacific, and
Hemisphere, bases in the Western Pacific, and
essential military lines of communication; and an
essential military lines of communication; and an
inadequate measure of protection to vital military
inadequate measure of protection to vital military
bases in the United Kingdom and in the Near and
bases in the United Kingdom and in the Near and
Middle East. We will have the capability of
Middle East. We will have the capability of
conducting powerful offensive air operations
conducting powerful offensive air operations
against vital elements of the Soviet war-making
against vital elements of the Soviet war-making
capacity.
capacity. Source: National Council Report 68, April 14,
1950

21. Source:
Cummings
of the Daily
Express,
24 August
1953, "Back
to Where it
all Started"

22. “What is not gener ally
under st ood is t hat t he
Zionist s ar e not t he only ones
t o be consider ed in t he
Palest ine quest ion. Ther e ar e
ot her int er est s t hat come int o
play, each wit h it s own agenda.
The milit ar y is concer ned wit h
t he pr oblems of def ending a
newly cr eat ed small count r y
f r om at t acks by much lar ger
and bet t er t r ained Ar ab
nat ions. Ot her s have self ish
int er est s concer ning t he f low
of Ar ab oilHarry tTruman, Diary Entry, 1948
Source: t o he U.S.”

23. Occupation of Japan
 MacArthur (SCAP) took
firm control of Japanese
reconstruction
 Enacted a new
constitution
 San Francisco Treaty
 U.S. – Japanese Security
Treaty

24.  George Marshall sent to
negotiate end to Chinese civil
war
 Nationalist Chinese
government was given
$400 million
 Much of which ended
up in Communist hands

25. The Ris e o f Co m m unis t
China
• Chiang and Nationalists
took refuge in Formosa
• U.S. refused to recognize
Zedong
• Republicans alarmed by
loss of China

26. North Korean Surprise Attack
 June 25, 1950: North Korean Army invaded
South Korea
 U.S. did not hesitate with a response

27. Inchon Invasion
 MacArthur reversed the
war with an amphibious
attack at Inchon
 Advanced as far as the
southern Chinese border

28. Chinese Intervention
- November 1950: Chinese troops
launch surprise attack and decimate
MacArthur’s troops in North Korea
- Made Korean Conflict "an entirely
new war.”
- PRC aimed to preserve North Korean
Communist State

29. MACARTHUR VS. TRUMAN
“Old soldiers never die, they just fade away.”
– General Douglas MacArthur
•MacArthur called for an expanded war
•Truman cautioned MacArthur from
speaking out against policy
•MacArthur recalled for insubordination

30. Armistice
• War ended in stalemate at 38th
parallel
• 54,000 Americans died in
Korea
• Critics saw Truman as “soft on
communism”

31. Directions to One Minu