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SMART ANTENNA
   SYSTEMS
       (an overview)


 EE 525 Antenna Engineering
Smart Antenna Array:
• antenna array with a digital signal
  processing capability to transmit and
  receive in an adaptive and spatially
  sensitive manner.


“Smart” >> digital signal processing facility
USAGE
Applications to:
• cellular and wireless networks
• radar
• electronic warfare (EWF) as a
  countermeasure to electronic
  jamming
• satellite systems
WHY SMART ANTENNA ARRAYS?
      Higher Capacity
      Higher Coverage
      Higher bit rate
      Improved link quality
      Spectral efficiency
      Mobility
Elements of a Smart Antenna
• number of radiating elements

• a combining/dividing network

• control unit
Aim :
• to maximize the antenna gain in
  the desired direction
• to minimize the gain in directions
  of interferers
Smart Antennas for Base
           Stations
•   the idea of smart antennas is to
    use    base    station   antenna
    patterns that are not fixed, but
    adapt to the current radio
    conditions
•     can be visualized as the
    antenna directing a beam toward
    the communication partner only
Types of Smart Antennas
Switched lobe (SL):
( also called “switched beam” )

•   simplest technique

•   comprises only a basic switching
    function between separate directive
    antennas or predefined beams of an
    array
Types of Smart Antennas - cont’d
Dynamically phased array (PA):

•    continuous tracking can be achieved by
    including a direction of arrival (DoA)
    algorithm for the signal received from the
    user
•   can be viewed as a generalization of the
    switched lobe concept
Conventional Antennas & Arrays


     Top View              Top View




                                       Antenna
                Antenna
                                       Array

  Omnidirectional         Sectorized
WHY SMART ANTENNA ARRAYS ARE
SUPERIOR TO CONVENTIONAL ANTENNAS


                        Desired
            Active      User
            Beam



            Antenna        Interfering
            Array          User
                                         Antenna
                                         Array

 Switched Beam System             Adaptive Array
Interference Rejection Comparison




      Desired Signals
      Co-channel Interfering Signals
TYPES (summary)
Transmission Part
Reception Part
SMDA
(Space Division Multiple Access)

•   more than one user can be allocated to the
    same physical communications channel
    simultaneously in the same cell

•   separated by angle only

•   in a TDMA system, two users will be
    allocated to the same time slot and carrier
    frequency at the same time and in the same
    cell
SDMA (Space Division Multiple Access)
Comparison of Switched Beam Antenna
             Adaptive Arrays
Criteria      Switched Beam                   Adaptive Array
Integration   • Easy to implement             • Transceiver complexity
              • Low cost                      • High cost
                                              • Less hardware
                                                redundancy
Range/       • More coverage compared         More coverage compared
Coverage       to conventional systems        to switched beam system
             • Less coverage compared to
               adaptive array
Interference • Difficulty in distinguishing   • Focusing is narrower
Rejection      between desired signal and     • Capable of nulling
               interferer                       interfering signals
             • Does not react to the
               movement of interferers.
REFERENCES

4. “Smart Antenna Systems Tutorial”, The International Engineering
   Consortium, http://www.iec.org/online/tutorials/smart_ant/
5. Lehne, P.H. and Pettersen M., “An Overview of Smart Antenna
   Technology for Mobile Communications Systems”, IEE
   Communications Surveys, Fourth Quarter 1999, vol. 2, no.4,
   http://www.comsoc.org/livepubs/surveys/public/4q99issue/pdf/Lehne.pdf
6. Schüttengruber, W., Molisch A.F. and Bonek E., “Smart Antennas for
   Mobile Communications Tutorial”,
   http://www.nt.tuwien.ac.at/mobile/research/smart_antennas_tutorial/inde
   x.en.html
7. “Smart Antennas Tutorial,” http://viterbi.ece.iisc.ernet.in/prem/SmartAnt/
8. “Smart Antennas – A Non-technical Introduction”, SYMENA Software &
    Consulting GmbH, http://www.symena.com/Smart Antennas - A
   Nontechnical Introduction - SYMENA.pdf

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Smart antennas

  • 1. SMART ANTENNA SYSTEMS (an overview) EE 525 Antenna Engineering
  • 2. Smart Antenna Array: • antenna array with a digital signal processing capability to transmit and receive in an adaptive and spatially sensitive manner. “Smart” >> digital signal processing facility
  • 3. USAGE Applications to: • cellular and wireless networks • radar • electronic warfare (EWF) as a countermeasure to electronic jamming • satellite systems
  • 4. WHY SMART ANTENNA ARRAYS?  Higher Capacity  Higher Coverage  Higher bit rate  Improved link quality  Spectral efficiency  Mobility
  • 5. Elements of a Smart Antenna • number of radiating elements • a combining/dividing network • control unit
  • 6. Aim : • to maximize the antenna gain in the desired direction • to minimize the gain in directions of interferers
  • 7. Smart Antennas for Base Stations • the idea of smart antennas is to use base station antenna patterns that are not fixed, but adapt to the current radio conditions • can be visualized as the antenna directing a beam toward the communication partner only
  • 8. Types of Smart Antennas Switched lobe (SL): ( also called “switched beam” ) • simplest technique • comprises only a basic switching function between separate directive antennas or predefined beams of an array
  • 9. Types of Smart Antennas - cont’d Dynamically phased array (PA): • continuous tracking can be achieved by including a direction of arrival (DoA) algorithm for the signal received from the user • can be viewed as a generalization of the switched lobe concept
  • 10. Conventional Antennas & Arrays Top View Top View Antenna Antenna Array Omnidirectional Sectorized
  • 11. WHY SMART ANTENNA ARRAYS ARE SUPERIOR TO CONVENTIONAL ANTENNAS Desired Active User Beam Antenna Interfering Array User Antenna Array Switched Beam System Adaptive Array
  • 12. Interference Rejection Comparison Desired Signals Co-channel Interfering Signals
  • 16. SMDA (Space Division Multiple Access) • more than one user can be allocated to the same physical communications channel simultaneously in the same cell • separated by angle only • in a TDMA system, two users will be allocated to the same time slot and carrier frequency at the same time and in the same cell
  • 17. SDMA (Space Division Multiple Access)
  • 18. Comparison of Switched Beam Antenna Adaptive Arrays Criteria Switched Beam Adaptive Array Integration • Easy to implement • Transceiver complexity • Low cost • High cost • Less hardware redundancy Range/ • More coverage compared More coverage compared Coverage to conventional systems to switched beam system • Less coverage compared to adaptive array Interference • Difficulty in distinguishing • Focusing is narrower Rejection between desired signal and • Capable of nulling interferer interfering signals • Does not react to the movement of interferers.
  • 19. REFERENCES 4. “Smart Antenna Systems Tutorial”, The International Engineering Consortium, http://www.iec.org/online/tutorials/smart_ant/ 5. Lehne, P.H. and Pettersen M., “An Overview of Smart Antenna Technology for Mobile Communications Systems”, IEE Communications Surveys, Fourth Quarter 1999, vol. 2, no.4, http://www.comsoc.org/livepubs/surveys/public/4q99issue/pdf/Lehne.pdf 6. Schüttengruber, W., Molisch A.F. and Bonek E., “Smart Antennas for Mobile Communications Tutorial”, http://www.nt.tuwien.ac.at/mobile/research/smart_antennas_tutorial/inde x.en.html 7. “Smart Antennas Tutorial,” http://viterbi.ece.iisc.ernet.in/prem/SmartAnt/ 8. “Smart Antennas – A Non-technical Introduction”, SYMENA Software & Consulting GmbH, http://www.symena.com/Smart Antennas - A Nontechnical Introduction - SYMENA.pdf