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Biotechnology
1. Normal tomatoes grown commercially cannot be
allowed to ripen on the vine because they soften
during the ripening process. Picking them while
they are still hard allows them to be shipped, but it
also prevents the development of natural flavors.
In the 1980's, a geneticallyengineered tomato
named FLAVR SAVR tomato was introduced. This
research aims to create a new type of tomato that
would not soften while ripening and could,
therefore, be left on the vine until it ripened
naturally.
5. WHAT IS BIOTECHNOLOGY?
• The term used to describe practical
uses of living organism.
• Artificial manipulation and transfer of
genetic material from one organism to
another.
• Because of the number of transfer
possibilities, genetic combination not
found in nature often occur.
• Wide range of different techniques.
7. DEFINITION OF TERMS
• Central Dogma “Information
enshrined in the genetic code, flows
from the gene to the world.”
by Francis Crick
“one gene, one protein”
• Genotype genetic makeup
• Phenotype – physical attributes
• Gene – unit of inheritance
piece of DNA
8. DEFINITION OF TERMS
• DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid made up
of long subunits called nucleotides.
– Made up of nitrogenous bases:
Adenine (A), Guanine (G),
Thymine (T), Cytosine (C)
• mRNA – messenger Ribonucleic acid;
from which DNA is converted and
responsible for protein synthesis.
10. CENTRAL DOGMA
MECHANISM
DNA Replication
Single stranded DNA is copied
Transcription
Copied DNA is transcribed to RNA
RNA Translation
RNA is translated to amino acids
Protein Synthesis
11. MECHANISM IN
BIOTECHNOLOGY
Gene to be altered is removed from DNA
Gene is modified
Gene is inserted into plasmids of a vector
usually a bacterium or virus
Vector is inserted back into organism
12. DEVELOPMENTS
• Insulin
– was read from human gene by
proteinmaking apparatus of
bacterium.
– GENENTECH
13. DEVELOPMENTS
• Cytokines
– Messengers that regulate immune
system
– Cloned, produced and tested
– CHIRON
– Cytokin beta interferon, treatment
for multiple sclerosis
14. DEVELOPMENTS
• Through the rapid development of
sepsis, human growth hormone and
enzyme which cut through the the
mucus that clogs the airways of
people with cystic gibrosis were
produced by Genentech.
• Smallmolecule biotechnological
techniques were adapted by
companies such as Vertex.
16. The CD40 Team
The CD40 is the surface of the B cells
that produces immune system's
antibodies when touched by a
molecule on a T cell.
Alejandro Aruffo rewrote the gene,
spliced the description of the business
end of the protein on to the genes
that describe antibodies to create
freefloating molecules that stuck to
the same things as CD40.
17. The CD40 Team
• During protein synthesis, Aruffo
provided a library for the cell.
• All the mRNA in a cell can be copied
back into DNA providing a record of
the protein.
• A library of the genes being used by
activated Tcells contains the genetic
seeds for all the flowers on the cell's
surface.
18. The CD40 Team
• Aruffo produced millions of copies of
the gene spreading the genetic seeds
across a number of cells. From this,
proteins will be produced.
• Through computer analysis, the type of
protein will be determined.
• Aruffo determined the protein gp39
commonly called tumour necrosis
factor
/media/PASCASIO/sts/Genetic engineering.flv
20. DISORDERS AND THERAPY
• NeoRx formulated an anticancer
therapy, wherein the patient is given
antibodies that recognize cancer cells.
These antibodies coat the tumor.
After the tumor is enveloped, a small
highly radioactive molecule is injected
into the body. This molecule sticks to
the coated tumors and kills them. It is
small, so that it could be easily flushed
out of the body.
23. DISORDERS AND THERAPY
• Dr. Jean Michael Heard works on the
Hurler’s disease; his plan is to take cells
from the skin of an infected child and
to infect them w/ a virus carrying the
gene. The invigorated cells shall be
embedded in a ball of collagen and
GoreTex and be immobilized; they
shall be implanted in the child’s cavity
again to secrete the enzyme.
24. DISORDERS AND THERAPY
• Cystic Fibrosis a common genetic
disorder among white people; the
protein missing in CF is the one that
regulates the passage of chlorine in
and out of the cell. It's absence affects
every cell in the body.
• The remedy would involve putting a
new gene into every cell.
25.
26. DISORDERS AND THERAPY
• ADA Deficiency the only genetic
disorder successfully treated w/ a
gene, as of the time of writing. In
treating this disease, the infected cells
are taken out of the body, and then
put back. French Anderson pioneered
this kind of treatment.
28. DISORDERS AND THERAPY
• Suicide genes – most widely discussed and
attempted treatment to cancer. Vectors take
them into the cells, and when triggered, kill the
cells they sit in. More often, cells die in a messy
way, such that other neighbor cells die with
them.
• Tumorsuppressor genes – stops the tumor genes
from doing their work
• Antisense messages – artificial genetic
messages that are antigenes of the tumor
causing genes
31. Reference:
A Survey of Biotechnology and Genetics By Oliver Morton
Video Links:
Youtube.com/Structure of DNA and RNA - Advanced
Biotechnology Podcast 1.3.html
Youtube.com/What is biotechnology_.html
Youtube.com/The Biotechnology Age.html
Notas del editor
are small cell-signaling protein molecules that are secreted by numerous cells and are a category of signaling molecules used extensively in intercellular communication. Cytokines can be classified as proteins, peptides, or glycoproteins; the term "cytokine" encompasses a large and diverse family of regulators produced throughout the body by cells of diverse embryological origin.[1]
costimulatory protein found on antigen presenting cells and is required for their activation. The binding of CD154 (CD40L) on TH cells to CD40 activates antigen presenting cells and induces a variety of downstream effects.
They created artificial targets. When a cell makes a protein, they made a copy of the protein’s name on to the RNA (RiboNucleic Acid). B cells are lymphocytes that play a large role in the humoral immune response (as opposed to the cell-mediated immune response, which is governed by T cells). T cells or T lymphocytes belong to a group of white blood cells known as lymphocytes, and play a central role in cell-mediated immunity. They can be distinguished from other lymphocytes, such as B cells and natural killer cells (NK cells), by the presence of a T cell receptor (TCR) on the cell surface. They are called T cells because they mature in the thymus. There are several subsets of T cells, each with a distinct function.
