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Similar a Presentation Jose Gesti, UNICEF, 15th January UN Water Zaragoza Conference 2015
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Presentation Jose Gesti, UNICEF, 15th January UN Water Zaragoza Conference 2015
- 1. Implementing the WASH related targets through Capacity Development and Social instruments and the role of different stakeholders By Jose Gesti Canuto – UNICEF WASH Specialist Zaragoza, January 2015
- 2. OUTLINE OF THE PRESENTATION • Implementation baseline for WASH: Where are we now? • What is already working? – existing tools and social instruments • The role of different stakeholders
- 3. Implementation baseline for WASH: Where are we now?
- 4. USE OF IMPROVED DRINKING WATER Sub-Saharan Africa faces the greatest challenge in increasing the use of improved drinking-water. Proportion of population using improved drinking water sources in 2012 Source: WHO/UNICEF, 2014 Progress towards the achievement of the water MDG target in 2012
- 5. USE OF IMPROVED SANITATION There are 46 countries where less than half the population has access to an improved sanitation facility Proportion of population with access to improved sanitation in 2012 Source: WHO/UNICEF, 2014 Progress towards the achievement of the sanitation MDG target in 2012
- 6. DIFFERENT INEQUALITIES IN ACCESS Source: WHO/UNICEF, 2011 Use of improved drinking water sources is significantly lower in rural areas of Africa Urban Total Rural Less than 50% 50% - 75% 76% - 90% 91% - 100% No or insufficient data
- 7. IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING CONSIDERATIONS To improve access and reduce inequalities beyond 2015: 1. Secure, absorb and target sustained international and national financing; 2. Expand efforts in neglected rural areas where the need for improved services is greatest. 3. Support sustainability, including the operation and maintenance of existing infrastructure and services; 4. Renew focus on WASH beyond households 5. Strengthen action in the crucial area of hygiene promotion;
- 8. What is already working – existing tools and social instruments
- 9. IMPLEMENTATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS • The Human Rights to Water and Sanitation entitle everyone to safe, sufficient, acceptable, physically accessible and affordable water and sanitation services • The handbook on realising the HRTWS gives States clear guidance on how to do that
- 10. INCREASE BUDGET ALLOCATIONS Sanitation and Water for All Partnership • Increase sector coordination • Visibility for the WASH Sector and its resources • Capacity building for stronger systems and institutions: better targeting of resources
- 11. SUSTAINABILITY OF SERVICES Sustainability Pathway Bottleneck Analysis with use of WASH BA Tool and other existing tools Sustainability Compact (Agreement Government and Sector Partners) Implementation of commitments Sustainability checks of compacts and sustainability
- 12. BUILDING CAPACITY: SUPPLY & SERVICES • Provides a basis for the realization of economical and sustainable access to safe water through 9 principles • Governments use the principles to assess current practices and develop their own standards around, constructions, contract management, supervision, etc. Cost-efficient water supply interventions
- 13. BUILDING CAPACITY: SUPPLY & SERVICES Access in remote areas • Manual drilling is ideally suited to small, remote rural communities where other options are simply not economically feasible; • Is 4-10 times less expensive than machine drilling in Africa; • Guidance on how to assess the market and capacitate local entrepreneurs
- 14. BUILDING CAPACITY: CREATING DEMAND Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) to end open defecation
- 15. BUILDING CAPACITY: SUPPLY & SERVICES Sanitation Marketing to sustain sanitation services • Reinforces demand • Help to local businesses to expand the supply • challenges to reach remote areas and the poorest households;
- 16. BUILDING CAPACITY: CREATING DEMAND Water Safety Management FRAMEWORK FOR SAFE DRINKING WATER Public health context and health outcome Water Safety Plans Surveillance System assessment Monitoring Management and communication Health-based targets
- 17. BUILDING CAPACITY: CREATING DEMAND Hygiene practices – handwashing and menstrual hygiene • Sustaining and monitoring hygiene behavior change is complex and an ongoing challenge • Emerging lessons on habit formation from other sectors (e.g. weight loss) is informing development of more comprehensive approaches
- 18. WASH IN INSTITUTIONS WASH in Schools + WASH in Health Centers Essential Environmental Health Standards in Health Care
- 19. CLIMATE CHANGE AND RESILIENCE WASH AND CLIMATE RESILIENT DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK
- 20. The role of different stakeholders
- 21. ROLES BY STAKEHOLDERS • Governments: Driving seat, will continue protecting public interest and regulating business: Policy development + Regulation + Facilitation • Business: new role emphasizing respect for human rights and embracing corporate social and environmental responsibility • Civil Society: powerful role in the post 2015 process as an enabler and constructive challenger, creating the political and social space for collaborations • Academia: crucial role as a driver of technological innovation and to achieve evidence-based policy-making particularly for topics related to sustainable development.
Notas del editor
- The Joint monitoring Programme by WHO and UNICEF has been (and it will continue being) instrumental in providing us with the information to track progress towards achievement of the MDGs and will continue doing so with the new agenda beyond 2015. It has been very good news that the Water MDG target was met already in 2010 but as stated by the latest available figures and as we can see on the slide when it comes to the use of improved drinking water, Sub-Saharan Africa faces the greatest challenges to increase the use of improved drinking water. The proportion of population using improved drinking water sources was not even 50% in places such as Congo or Mozambique and there are still 748 million people in the world that have no access to improved sources. As we can see in this other figure the water MDG has been globally met but most countries in sub-Saharan Africa are coloured in orange meaning that they are not on track and wont meet their target.
- When looking at the sanitation progress and figures the situation is much worse. Here not only sub-Saharan Africa but a total number of 46 countries worldwide have less than half of their population with access to an improved sanitation facility. Progress towards the achievement of the sanitation target is very slow and indeed the sanitation target is one of the most off track targets within the MDGs. It is not shown in the figure but I would like to bring to your attention the fact that three quarters (75%) of people practicing open defecation live in middle income countries (for example in India almost 600 million people practice open defecation every day)– this highlights the inequitable progress that has been made to date in sanitation, and shows that economic development is not necessarily translating into social development – the poor and most vulnerable members of societies are being left behind.
- …. But talking about inequalities and to illustrate this better in this slide you can see how when making the total average of access to improved water sources disparities are masked because access in urban areas (all in blue representing very good access) contrast with very poor access in rural areas where the map shows a lot of countries colored in red. This is just an example and as you know there are many different types of inequalities and discrimination that impact access to water and sanitation on the grounds of race, colour, sex, language, religion, political opinion, social origin, disabilitis, etc. Clearly, existing inequalities in the enjoyment of the rights to water and sanitation must progressively be eliminated. We will talk about this later.
- So we have seen what is the implementation baseline for WASH and we have talked about access and inequalities. Based on the different consultations and recent analysis of lessons learned and remaining and unfinished business, we can highlight what are the main considerations for the development agenda beyond 2015. Indeed to improve access and reduce inequalities beyond 2015, much needs to be done to effectively implement and monitor WASH policies at national level, including to: International development aid commitments for water and sanitation continue increasing (e.g. 30% between 2010 and 2012), and aid is better targeted. Despite this more needs to be done to secure, absorb and target not only international but also national financing (with huge financing gaps between budgets and plans). Efforts need to be expanded to neglected rural areas where the need for improved services is greatest Sustainability of services is a major concern (for example 30-40 of handpumps in sub-Saharan African are reported as non functional) Support sustainability, including the operation and maintenance of existing and new infrastructure and services Renew focus on taking WASH services beyond households, importantly schools and health centers. Action needs to be strengthened in the crucial area of hygiene promotion, which reminds in many cases as a neglected component of WASH. Addressing these issues, in line with achieving the goal of universal coverage in water, sanitation and hygiene, will require the collective efforts of national governments, local communities, international agencies, civil society, business sector, academia, etc… We will see later how some of this stakeholder might contribute to the agenda….
- The following slides highlight in headings key implementation challenges identified and then explain the main guidance/tools/approaches available and already working in the sector and that we believe will help with the implementation of the SDGs
- In 2010, the United Nations General Assembly recognized the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation and the Human Rights Council reaffirmed this recognition. The Human Rights to Water and Sanitation entitle everyone to safe, sufficient, acceptable, physically accessible and affordable water and sanitation services. Since the adoption of these resolutions, the UN special Rapporteur has received many requests from States, UN agencies, service providers, regulators and civil society organizations to provide more concrete and comprehensive guidance and to clarify what the implications of these human rights are for their work and activities. The Special Rapporteur has developed this Handbook by the end of her mandate, first identifying the key barriers, dilemmas, challenges and opportunities that stakeholders face in realising the human rights to water and sanitation, and then testing and verifying the guidance, checklists and recommendations featured in the Handbook. The main target audience of this handbook are government officials at all levels of who are working on the implementation of these human rights. Of course it is also of great help to us at the UN and all partners working on WASH to understand better and advocate and capacitate goverments on how to translate the human rights to water and sanitation into reality. The Human Rights to Water and Sanitation (HRTWS) entitle everyone to safe, sufficient, acceptable, physically accessible and affordable water and sanitation services; in a way that provides privacy and ensures dignity. •Governments have an obligation to respect, fulfil, and protect those rights. •The HRTWS ensures that basic human rights principles are linked to the provision of water and sanitation and have to be met. Those principles are: o Non-discrimination and equality o Access to information and transparency o Participation o Sustainability and non-retrogression •The handbook on realising the HRTWS gives States clear guidance on how to do that by ensuring that those principles are met within their legislative (laws and constitutions) and executive (policies and plans) frameworks, planning, monitoring, and financing processes. As well as in their patterns of service provision.
- We have seen earlier how to improve access and reduce inequalities beyond 2015 there is a great need to secure, absorb and target sustained international and national financing. In this field the Sanitation and Water for All Partnership is playing a key role. SWA is a global partnership of over 90 developing country governments, donors, civil society organizations and other development partners working together to catalyze political leadership and action, improve accountability and use scarce resources more effectively. SWA, of which UNICEF hosts the secretariat, provides a transparent, accountable and results-oriented framework to: Increase sector coordination Visibility for the WASH Sector and its resources Capacity building for stronger systems and institutions: better targeting of resources Further notes: The High-Level Commitments Dialogue (HLCD) encompasses the preparatory process that countries and donors carry out to develop context-specific commitments which are tabled at SWA High Level Meetings, and the annual monitoring of commitments made. The HLCD is designed to encourage on-going political dialogue at the national (including sub-national) and global levels and is focused on achieving results on the ground. Country-level dialogues are strengthened – both among ministers (and parliament), technical stakeholders, CSOs, donors and development banks and citizens – and also provide a platform to strengthen mutual accountability. Partners are encouraged to raise WASH on the political agenda and promote solutions, demonstrate political will, strengthen mutual accountability and increase the impact of resources. High Level Meetings: Every two years, SWA convenes national and global decision makers to discuss sanitation and water at the SWA High Level Meeting (HLM). HLMs bring together ministers responsible for finance, water and sanitation from developing countries, ministers of development cooperation from donor countries, and high-level representatives from development banks and leading sanitation and water agencies. At the HLM, ministers commit to address the fundamental bottlenecks holding back progress and to act on international aid and development effectiveness principles.
- We have also seen that sustainability remains a serious challenge for the progress already made and on meeting the MDGs for water and sanitation and the necessary advances towards universal access to safe drinking water in the post-2015 era. Even though figures differ from one country to another the order of magnitude of non-functional water points is around 30% or more, with another 10-20% being only partially functional. In UNICEF we are promoting a sector wide approach that we call “Sustainability Pathway”. The Sustainability Pathway starts by gathering the main actors for WASH development in a country to identify what are the main bottlenecks and develop an action plan to remove them. This is done with the use of the WASH Bottleneck Analysis Tool (or WASH BAT). Implementation of the WASH BAT is going well and tomorrow we will hear some reflections from how this was done in Nigeria. Once bottlenecks to sustainability have been identified the sector partners (at the moment only UNICEF) sign a compact with the respective government. Basically the Compact is a document in which government and development partners supporting WASH agree on roles and responsibilities to ensured a targeted level of sustainability of WASH services. After implementation of the commitments annual sustainability checks are undertaken. The compact is monitored annually by the sector through sustainability checks or audits.
- During the implementation of the MDGs millions of water points have been developed. We have seen that although the Water MDG has been achieved 748 million people still don’t have access to improved water sources. So if the new agenda aims at achieving universal access and bring water closer to home (so round trip to collect water is not more than 30 min including queuing) this means that millions of new water points need to be developed. It is recognized that groundwater provides potable water to millions of people worldwide and has proven to be the most reliable resource to meet water demands of rural people in Africa. Despite the tremendous progress in developing groundwater (via mechanized and manual drilling), important obstacles remain: high drilling costs limit access; poor construction quality undermines service reliability and long-term viability. And last, but not least, inadequate understanding of groundwater resources is a time-bomb of uncertainty. UNICEF and other partners have supported the development of the Code of Practice for Cost Effective Boreholes. This is an important tool to capacitate government officials and development partners to understand key principles for cost-effective groundwater development. These principles address issues around construction, supervision regulation and understanding groundwater resources and are fundamental for water governance, programming and universal access. Several governments have already used the principles outlined in the Code of Practice to assess on going practices and importantly based on this principles have developed their own adapted standards.
- As we have seen at the beginning of the presentation the MDG target wont be met in many sub-Saharan African countries. In fact the current rate of progress via conventional water supply drilling has proven insufficient. Among the reasons for this are the restrictive costs of groundwater development and the difficulty in targeting the most marginal and poorly-served communities. There is, therefore, a critical need to lower the costs of drilling and adopt alternative complimentary strategies to reach the worst served and the most difficult to reach areas. In this context manual drilling is an important strategy to reduce drilling costs as is 4-10 times less expensive than machine drilling in Africa. This tool provide guidance on how to assess the market and capacitate local enterpreneours to make manual drilling a professional sector. Basically with this process more wells can be drilled and existing wells can be better serviced and maintained. Good examples of the success of this approaches can be seen in Chad and Niger where for example the government has integrated manual drilling in the catalogue of best practices for the achievement of the MDGs.
- Sanitation marketing: Reinforces demand and encourages household investment in durable, hygienic latrines; Catalyzes the market by helping local businesses to expand the supply of affordable, desirable sanitation products and services; challenges to reach remote areas and the poorest households;
- Focus on safety rather than quality, wider resource management. The Millennium Development Goal for water called for halving the population without access to safe drinking water by 2015. However although the water MDG has been met the safety of the water provided does not always meets the minimum standards. Ensuring safe drinking water in the home is difficult. When there is no improved source available, water is likely to be unsafe due to microbial and especially faecal contamination. Even when water is drawn from an improved, uncontaminated point source – such as a sealed handpump on a protected borehole – it is very often re contaminated due to unhygienic transport and home storage practices. The third edition of WHO's Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality provides a state-of-the art perspective on issues of water quality and health and on effective approaches to water safety management. The most important development in the 3rd edition was the introduction of a framework for drinking water safety, which includes the development of water safety plans. Ensuring the safety of the community water supply is a daily job, and community members and other stakeholders have to work jointly to achieve this goal. This field guide is a practical tool for improving and maintaining drinking-water safety. It is designed to be used by rural community members who share responsibility for operation and management of the drinking-water supply in their community. It can also be used by staff members of local health or water supply offices, local government authorities, nongovernmental organizations (NGO) or other community-based organizations that supports drinking-water safety in rural communities. This field guide explains what a water safety plan (WSP) is and how it can help you improve the safety of drinking-water supplies, showing how this can be done little by little, step by step, every day.
- Toolkit for monitoring and evaluation of handwashing programmes, whether they deal with: Advocacy (i.e. radio or TV campaigns…) Education (community or school educational activities) Behavioral change (door to door visits by community hygiene promoters) Etc… Through the implementation of hygiene programmes we know that sustaining and monitoring hygiene behavior change is complex and an ongoing challenge. We are trying to learn from emerging lessons on habit formation from other sectors (e.g. weight loss
- WASH in institutions: WASH in Schools – 3 Star approach. A fundamental principle behind the approach is that expensive WASH infrastructure in schools is not necessary to meet health goals. Keep it simple, scalable and sustainable WASH in Healthcare centers - existing WHO Essential Environmental Health Standards in Health Care – these provide a basis for setting national standards and for developing and implementing national policies. These guidelines include recommendations on specific WASH measures covering a range of aspects such as minimum quantities of water required in a given healthcare setting, number of water points for hand washing, or number of toilets per user.
- Role of civil society: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IVOzVXEfVQ0 (See which one of the 10 key GLASS 2014 findings are good to mention here as well; some fit well indeed in the 3rd part of the presentation when we explain the roles of the different stakeholders….)