1. 分类标题01分类标题02
REFORMATION
COUNTER-
REFORMATION

2. Reformation
• Reformation was the beginning of modern
history. It was due to wide spread reforms in
the Catholic Church.
• 13th century: forerunners of the reformation
prepared the way for Religious Revolution.
(John Wycliffe, John Huss, Savonarola and
Erasmus)=> Criticises the evil of the Church.
1. Vast properties and luxuries of the Church
2. Selling of Church properties to unworthy
prelates.
3. Scandalous immoralities and extravagances of
clergymen.
4. Church doctrines that are contrary to Christ
Teachings.
(Reformist were Excommunicated by Church).

3. MARTIN LUTHER
• A German Augustinian monk and a professor of
theology at University of Wittenberg, Germany.

4. Martin Luther
• He was spiritually troubled about the reality of
Man’s salvation.
• Became strongly disappointed during his visit to
Rome.
• Strongly against the selling of indulgences.
• Wrote “The Ninety-five Theses”..
• Challenged john Tetzel/anyone about the
validity of indulgences..
• Was invited in the diet of worms to retract his
statement. But refused to do so and was
excommunicated.
• Translate the original Latin text of old and new
testament into German language.
• Came back to Wittenberg and put up Lutheran
Church.
• Father of Protestantism…

5. Revolt of the Farmers
• The peasants in south Germany took advantage
of Luther’ religious revolt. According to farmers
abuse of the church were similar to the daily
abuses they experienced in the farm.
• farmers plundered castles and monasteries
• 50000 lives were lost and a large part of south
Germany was devastated
• Luther was blamed in the said incident because
due to his teaching the framers were inspired to
revolt against their feudal lords.
• Because of this Lutheran was discredited in
Germany and Catholicism remained strong..

6. Peace of Augsburg
• Schmalkaldic War (1547-1555) war between
Catholic league and Schmalkaldic league
(German Lutheran princes).
• Ended by the treaty of Augsburg which
permitted Lutheran Protestantism to exist in
Germany.
• Contained agreement of the recognition of the
dictum (whoever rules, his religion).
• Emperor Charles V regretted this treaty for this
is the reason why would remained divided into
Protestantism and Catholicism..

7. Spread of the protestant
movement
• Ulrich Zwingli (Zurich, Switzerland): A actholic
Priest who questions the Veneration/statues of
saints and the authority of the pope.
• Causes the split of Swiss cantons on the
question of religion and it also brought civil war.
• Head of Swiss protetant attacked the place of
catholic wherein one of the encounter, he met
his own death.

8. John Calvin
• A French lawyer fleeing from a religious
persecution in France.
• Settled in Geneva where he became a political
and religious dictator.
• Under his strict rule, Geneva became a Puritan
commonwealth.
• All festival were abolished, all theatres were
closed and the people lived a simple, disciplined
life.
• Followers were known as Calvinism.
» John Knox; Scottish
protestant and
follower of Calvin
brought
Protestantism in
Scotland and called it
Presbyterian Church.

9. Protestantism
• Protestantism: is one of the major
groupings within Christianity. It has been
defined as "any of several church
denominations denying the universal authority
of the Pope and affirming the
Reformation principles of justification by faith
alone, the priesthood of all believers, and the
primacy of the Bible as the only source of
revealed truth" and, more broadly, to mean
Christianity outside "of
a Catholic or Eastern church".

10. Teachings of
Protestantism
• Lutheran: Accepts 3 church sacraments like
Baptism, Communion and confession. Granting
the clergy the right to marry. Believed that faith
and the bible is the way to salvation.
• Calvinism: believed in predestination.
• Zwingli: Don’t believed in Eucharist, they see it
as only a symbol of blood and body of Christ.

11. Protestantism in England
• Separation was political and personal in nature.
• King Henry VIII asked the pope to nullify his
marriage with Catherine of Aragon, to marry
Anne Boleyn.
• Fired his Catholic priest adviser and replaced
with the followers of Luther..
• “Act of succession” was passed in parliament
making the children of Anne and Henry as the
legitimate heirs to the throne and making the
king as the highest leader of the Church.
• Edward VI who desired to established
Protestantism in England. Ordered to removed
all the images in altars.
• Mary, daughter of Catherinr was the next leader
of England a devout catholic declaredEngland as
Catholic Nation.

12. • Elizabeth, Daughter of Anne Boleyn inherited
the throne. Tried to maintain Catholicism
without removing protestant influence.
– Was excommunicated by pope.
– Greatest leader in England for
accommodating two religion.