Effects of Food, Nutriton and Obesity on Global Health Care

1. Effects of Food, Nutrition &
Obesity on Global Health
Care
Sweta Christian
Global Health Issues
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2. PURPOSE
• To describe the causative factor of childhood obesity and different
metabolic diseases caused by childhood obesity.
• To diagnose obesity based upon the DSM-IV substance abuse criteria by
American Psychological Association.
• To describe the various eating habits causing obesity and issues related with
it (psychological issues).
• To illustrate prevention strategies of obesity not only by promoting healthy
lifestyle but preventing obesity right from the pregnancy.
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3. OBJECTIVE
• To determine the causative factor of childhood obesity.
• To describe the types of obesity induced eating habits.
• To diagnose obesity based upon the DSM-IV substance abuse
scale developed by the American Psychological Association.
• To evaluate the various risk factors associated with childhood
obesity and improper nutrition
.
• To describe and elaborate the effort to control, treat and prevent
childhood obesity.
• To elaborate the effects of childhood obesity and its impact on
global health care system.

4. OBESITY
• Obesity is the major health problem in United States, with over 67% adults
classified as overweight (Montoye et al., 2013).
• Prevalence of childhood obesity comprises of 36% between the age group of
6-11 years old (Montoye et al., 2013).
• Montoye et al. (2013) states that 43% of Hispanics and 38% of American
children between the age of 6-11 years old are overweight or obese.
• It has also been noted that children who consume large amount of sugar-
sweetened beverages shows increased in the risk of obesity
(Grimes, Ridell, Campbell & Nowson, 2013).
• Study conducted by Yang et al. (2012) sodium intake is positively associated
with SBP and risk for pre-HBP/HPB among US children and
adolescents, and this association may be stronger among those who are
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overweight/obese.

5. Causes of Childhood
obesity
• Montoye et al. (2013) , states that Academic of Nutrition and Dietetics
narrates the cause of childhood obesity based upon the following reasons,
1) Low nutrition density
2) High Energy Dense dietary patterns and
3) Increased used of computer games, video games and television.
• Pocock et al (2010 ) conducted a systemic review for understanding
childhood obesity in pre-schooled children. According to Pocock et al.
(2010) parents are unable to prioritize the factors of addressing childhood
obesity which can also be the main factor for the epidemic spread of
childhood obesity as seen in the 20th century.
• Oddy (2012), states that artificial feeding is also one of the biggest factor
leading to childhood obesity.
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6. Causes of Childhood
Obesity cont..
• Childhood obesity is also caused due to food preferences, depending
upon the availability of food, preservatives used, type of living life
style, hereditary factors, moderate to heavy sedentary lifestyle and
climatic condition.

7. Childhood Obesity & Socio-
Economic Status.
• Stewart, Liu and Rodriguez (2011), states that childhood obesity is
directly proportional to the socio-economic status of the family.
• Increased risk of childhood obesity is noted in the families where
mother works more hours per week which is highly seen in high
socio-economic status families (Stewart et al., 2011).
• On the contrary Stewart et al. (2011) also states that maternal
unemployment also shows increased in the childhood Body Mass
Index leading to overweight and obesity.
• For complete explanation please refer the notes.
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8. Childhood obesity report
• The Center of Disease Control and Prevention (2013), presents a
report of childhood obesity based upon the survey conducted in
New York and Los Angelis from the year 2003-2011.
• The survey report states that Hispanics showed the highest
prevalence of childhood obesity ( age 3 -4 years old). The
percentage of childhood obesity in Hispanics was 44 %(NY) and 82
% (LA) in 2003 increasing to 47.9% (NY) and 85.6% (LA) in 2007
and 46.4% (NY) and 85.7% (LA) in 2010 resp.
• Following Hispanics the next were African- American with the
percentage of 28% in the year 2003. The percentage shows
gradual decrease from 28% in 2003 to 23.9% in 2011 respectively.
The lowest percentage showing the prevalence of childhood obesity
were Asians with 5.8 % (NY) and 4.1 % (LA) in 2003. However, the
percentage increased in NY in 2011 showing 12.9% and 3.3% in LA
resp. 8

9. Obesity and risk-factors
• Childhood growth and obesity causes
 Insulin resistant obesity (Ong et al., 2000).
 Cardiovascular diseases (Ericksson et al., 1999).
 Dyslipidemia, increased insulin concentration and increased insulin growth
factor I (Forsen et al., 2000)
 Type 2 Diabetes (Oddy, 2012).
 Metabolic syndrome such as high cholesterol, high blood pressure and insulin
resistance (Singhal & Lanigan, 2007).
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10. Types of Eating and obesity
• Pretlow (2011), conducted a qualitative internet study to find out
the cause of extreme eating and its relationship with obesity and
the psychological attitudes.
• An internet cookie was installed on the computers in the chat room
to find out the postings on bulletin boards, chat rooms and forum
regarding excessive eating and the reason behind it.
• Some of the examples of the chat rooms are as follows:
a) I am unable to ride the rides at the amusement parks (female
age, 12, 5’9”, 235lbs)
b) Clothing was hard to find: “Nothing fits me”, it sucks (Female,
age, 15, 5’8”, 240lbs).
c) I have got a new boyfriend, I think he will break up with me
because of my flabs (Female, age 17, 5’2”, 200lbs).
Cont….

11. Types of Eating and Obesity
• Struggles faced by the youth and the tendency causing increased
eating, e.g as follows,
a) Its like I couldn’t stop eating.. I don’t know why I get this
feelings (female, age 17, 5’2”, 240 lbs)
b) I have tried so hard to say no to food… but I just can’t stop for
some reason (female, age 15, 5’4”, 200lbs).
• Furthermore, Pretlow (2011), states different kinds of eating noted
in the individuals such as comfort eating, out of control
eating, stress eating, boredom eating, mindless eating and vicious
cycle.
• The examples of all the different kinds of eatings is provided in the
next slide.
• Continue…

12. types of Eating & Obesity
• The different kinds of eating are described below with the
examples.
• Out of Control Eating:
• Comfort eating: People turn to food when they are
sad, nervous, stressed out, lonely, tired and bored ( Pretlow, 2011).
• Stress Eating; Stress eating shows that people eat excesively when
they are under stress. The following examples explains the best.
• Boredom eating: Eating out of boredom. Participants eat
excessively when they are bored and need something to nibble to
spend their time.
• Mindless eating shows excessive eating and the participants are
not conscious regarding their eating habits.
• Vicious cycle is explained below.

13. DSM-IV Substance Dependence
.CRITERIA.
• Pretlow (2011), uses the DSM-IV scale of addiction criteria by the
American Psychological Association, 1994.
The criteria are as follows:
a) Large amount of substance consumed over a large period
b) unsuccessful efforts to cut down.
c) continued use despite adverse consequences,.
d) tolerance.
e) withdrawal and
f) neglecting aspects of life in pursuit of the substance.

14. Efforts to minimize obesity.
• O’Connor (2011), proposes some important points in order to
promote health eating habits and active lifestyle.
1) Identify the key nutrients that are important to
support the growth and development of children.
2) Describe the food groups that make up a healthy, balanced
diet.
3)Demonstrate an understanding of the importance of diet and
physical activity in maintaining a healthy weight, and the factors
involved in the development of childhood obesity.
4) Understand the role of diet in oral health and advise
schoolchildren on ways to prevent dental caries

15. Techniques to reduce
childhood Obesity
• Wojcicki and Heyman (2012), states that childhood obesity can be
reduced by decreasing the consumption of 100% fruit juice.
• Wojcicki and Heyman (2012) states that according to the National
Examination survey data from 1994-2004 shows that preschool
children between the age of 2-5 years old consume 10 ounces or
more daily on and average.
• Wojcicki and Hey man (2012) also states that 100% fruit juice is
not a complete fruit juice as it contains 0 gram of fibre, 13 grams of
sugar for 60 calories. Similarly 100% grape juice contains 20
grams of sugar per fluid ounces.
• We all have duly noted this when we check the calorie list listed on
the fruit juices while purchasing it from the market store.

16. Treating Obesity right from
Pregnancy
• Baker (2011), states that by developing pathways of care right from
the pregnancy level can help to minimize the risk of childhood
obesity.
• Baker (2011) state suggest several stages that should be
incorporated during pregnancy. The stages are
Pregnancy phase
Post-natal phase I
Post-natal phase II and
Toddler obesity prevention strategies.
Please refer to the next slides for the strategic planning for each stages
as stated by Baker (2011).

17. Cont..
• Pregnancy Phase:
a) Reduce weight gain
b) Promote breast feeding
c) Promote Healthy lifestyle
d) Promote Healthy start.
 Post-natal Phase I
a) Post-natal weight reduction
b) Breast-feeding support.
c) Preparation for weaning
d) Promote Healthy start.
Phases continue….

18. Cont..
• Post-natal Phase 2:
a) Weaning
b) Active Play
c) Parenting skills
d) Parental role
e) Signposting
f) Promote Healthy lifestyle
• Toddler Obesity Prevention Services
a) Services such as early years settings and promoting healthy
exercise nutrition for the really young also known as Henry.

19. Effects on Global Health
• Childhood obesity, lack of nutrition and overweight greatly affect
the health care system globally.
• We read in the above slides how childhood obesity can be
associated with various systemic and metabolic disease. If
childhood obesity issues remain to continue than the coming
generation will be at a much greater risk.
• Improper food, improper nutrition and obesity results in wide
endemic spread of various metabolic diseases and thereby
increasing the mortality rates.
• The resultant cause of obesity leads to increased in the cost of
health care, decrease in the economy, decrease in the life span and
is really cost-effective.

20. Conclusion
• Childhood interventions and prevention of obesity is a very
necessary factor which requires reformation on a global aspect.
Obesity today is a leading factor of unstable economy and
increased in the health care cost.
• Proper education regarding nutrition, promoting health lifestyles
and knowledge regarding food should be propagated globally.
• Restrictions should be placed on mouth-watering junk food ads
shown on the television which leads to increased in the
consumption of this junk foods in teenage, childhood and adults.
• Promoting healthy lifestyle should be a global goal and should be
promoted through workshops, onsite seminars, pre-natal
educations, live media, school sites, brochures and by health care
personals.

21. REFERENCES
• Baker, J. (2011). Developing a care pathway for obese women in
pregnancy and beyond. British Journal Of Midwifery, 19(10), 632-
643.
• Eriksson, J.G., Forsen,T., Tuomilehto, J., Winter, P.D., Osmond, C.
, Barker, D.JP., (1999). Catch-up growth in childhood and death
from coronary: longitudinal study, Brit Med J 318: 427-431
• Forsen, T., Erikkson
, J., Tuomilehto, J., Reunanen, A., Osmond, C., Barker, D.JP., (200
0). The fetal and childhood growth of persons who develop type 2
diabetes. Ann Intern Med 133: 176–182.
• Grimes, C.A., Ridell, L.J., Campbell, K.J., & Nowson, C.A., (2013).
Dietary Salt-Intake, Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption, and
Obesity Risk. Pediatrics, 131(1), 14-21.

22. REFERENCES
• Montoye, A. H., Pfeiffer, K. A., Alaimo, K., Hayes
Betz, ,., Paek, H., Carlson, J. J., & Eisenmann, J. C. (2013). Junk
Food Consumption and Screen Time: Association With Childhood
Adiposity. American Journal Of Health Behavior, 37(3), 395-403.
• Ong, K.K., Ahmed, M.L., Emmett, P.M., Preece, M.A., Dunger, D.B.
, (2000). Association between postnatal catch-up growth and
obesity in childhood: prospective cohort study. Brit Med J 320:
967-971.
• Obesity prevalence among low-income, preschool-aged children -
new york city and los angeles county, 2003-2011. (2013). MMWR:
Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report, 6217-22.

23. REFERENCES
• Oddy, W. H. (2012). Infant feeding and obesity risk in the child.
Breastfeeding Review, 20(2), 7-12.
• O'Connor, A. (2011). Promoting healthy eating and an active
lifestyle in schoolchildren. Nursing Standard, 25(48), 48-56.
• Pretlow, R. A. (2011). Addiction to Highly Pleasurable Food as a
Cause of the Childhood Obesity Epidemic: A Qualitative Internet
Study. Eating Disorders, 19(4), 295-307.
• Pocock, M., Trivedi, D., Wills, W., Bunn, F., Magnusson, J. (2010).
Parental perceptions regarding healthy behaviours for preventing
overweight and obesity in young children: a systematic review of
qualitative studies. Obes Rev, 11:338-353

24. REFERENCES
• Stewart, L., Liu, Y., & Rodriguez, E. (2012). Maternal
unemployment and childhood overweight: is there a relationship?.
Journal Of Epidemiology & Community Health, 66(7), 641-646.
• Singhal, A., Lanigan, J., (2007). Breastfeeding, early growth and
later obesity. Obesity Rev 8: 51054.
• Wojcicki, J. M., & Heyman, M. B. (2012). Reducing Childhood
Obesity by Eliminating 100% Fruit Juice. American Journal Of
Public Health, 102(9), 1630-1633.
• Yang, Q., Zhang, Z., Kuklina, E.V., Fang, J., Ayala, C., Hong, Y., Lo
ustalot, F., Dai, S., Gunn, J.P., Tian, N., Cogwell, M.E., &
Merritt, R., (2012). Pediatrics, 130(4), 611-619.

25. GOOD LUCK TO ALL
THE END.