2. • Urine Analysis: is an array of tests performed on urine and one of
the most common method of medical diagnosis.
• Why we have to do urine analysis?
• - General evaluation of health
• -Diagnosis of diseases or disorders of kidney and Urinary tract
• -Diagnosis of other systemic disease that affect kidney function
• -Monitoring of patients with diabetes
• -Screening for drug abuse ( Sulfonamide and Aminoglycoside )
10. • D, pH (Normal: 4.6-8 )
Acidic Urine: Alkaline Urine:
-Ketosis Diabetes -Strict Vegetarian
-Systemic acidosis -Systemic Alkalosis
-UTI => E.Coli -UTI => Proteus
-Acidification Therapy -Alkalization Therapy
E, Specific Gravity: ( Normal 1,016-1,022)
depends on the concentration of various solutes in urine.
High SG: Hypersthenuria
causes by all causes of oliguria and Glycosuria
Low SG: Hyposthenuria
caused by all causes of polyuria
11. • 2.Microscopic examination
A sample has been taken 10-15ml into a tube for 5-10min which
produces a concentration of sediment at the bottom.
A drop of sediment is poured onto a glass slide with coverslip put
onto observed under microscopes.
12. • A variety of normal and abnormal cellular elements in urine such as:
-RBC
-WBC
-Mucus
-Various Epithelial Cells
-Various Crystal
-Bacteria
-Casts
13. Abnormal Finding :
.>3 RBC
.>5 WBC
.>2 Renal Tubular Cells
.> 10 Bacteria
.>3 Hyaline casts
.>10 Squamous Cells ( Indicated of contaminated specimen)
.Fungal hyphae or Yeast , Parasite, Viral Inclusion
.Pathological Crystal ( cystine, leucine, tyrosine.)
.Large number of Uric acid or Ca oxalade.
16. • 3.Chemical Examinaion
The chemical analysis of urine are undertaken to evaluate the level of
the following components:
1.Protein ( Heat and Acetic acid test)
2.Glucose ( Benedict test)
3.Ketone
4.Blood
5.Bilirubin
6.Urobilinogen
7.Bile salts
18. 1.Tests for proteins
•Test – HEAT & ACETIC ACID TEST
•Principle-proteins are denatured & coagulated on
heating to give white cloud precipitate.
•Method-take 2/3 of test tube with urine, heat only
the upper part keeping lower part as control.
•Presence of phosphates, carbonates, proteins
gives a white cloud formation. Add acetic acid 1-2
drops, if the cloud persists it indicates it is
protein(acetic acid dissolves the
carbonates/phosphates)
19. Other tests
• Sulphosalicylic acid test
• Dipsticks
• Esbach’s albuminometer- for quantitative estimation of proteins
22. microalbuminuria
• The level of albumin protein produced by microalbuminuria
cannot be detected by urine dipstick methods. In a properly
functioning body, albumin is not normally present in urine
because it is retained in the bloodstream by the kidneys.
Microalbuminuria is diagnosed either from a 24-hour urine
collection
23. Significance of microalbuminuria
•an indicator of subclinical cardiovascular disease
•an important prognostic marker for kidney disease
•in diabetes mellitus
•in hypertension
•increasing microalbuminuria during the first 48
hours after admission to an intensive care unit
predicts elevated risk for acute respiratory failure ,
multiple organ failure , and overall mortality
24. Bence Jones proteins
•These are light chain globulins seen in multiple
myeloma, macroglobulimias, lymphoma.
•Test- Thermal method(waterbath):
Proteins has unusual property of precipitating at
400 -600c & then dissolving when the urine is
brought to boiling(1000c) & reappears when the
urine is cooled.
25. 2.Test for sugar
• Test-BENEDICT’S TEST(semiquantitative)
• Principle-benedict’s reagent contains CuSO4.In the
presence of reducing sugars cupric ions are converted
to cuprous oxide which is hastened by heating, to give
the color.
• Method- take 5ml of benedict’s reagent in a test tube,
add 8drops of urine. Boil the mixture.
Blue-green= negative
Yellow-green=+(<0.5%)
Greenish yellow=++(0.5-1%)
Yellow=+++(1-2%)
Brick red=++++(>2%)
26. Benedict’s test
• Detects all reducing substances like glucose, fructose, & other
reducing sustances.
• To confirm it is glucose, dipsticks can be used (glucose oxidase)
27. Causes of glycosuria
• Glycosuria with hyperglycaemia- diabetes,acromegaly, cushing’s
disease, hyperthyroidism, drugs like corticosteroids.
• Glycosuria without hyperglycaemia- renal tubular dysfunction
28. 3.Ketone bodies
• 3 types
Acetone
Acetoacetic acid
β-hydroxy butyric acid
They are products of fat metabolism
29. Rothera’s test
• Principle-acetone & acetoacetic acid react with sodium
nitroprusside in the presence of alkali to produce purple colour.
• Method- take 5ml of urine in a test tube & saturate it with
ammonium sulphate. Then add one crystal of sodium
nitroprusside. Then gently add 0.5ml of liquor ammonia along
the sides of the test tube.
• Change in colour indicates + test
30. Causes of ketonuria
• Diabetes
• Non-diabetic causes- high fever, starvation, severe
vomiting/diarrhoea
32. 5.Urobilinogen
• Test- ehrlich test
• Causes-hemolytic anemia's
6.Bile salts
Hay’s test
Cause- obstruction to bile flow (obstructive jaundice)
33. 7.Blood in urine
•Test- BENZIDINE TEST
•Method- mix 2ml of benzidine solution with 2ml of
hydrogen peroxide in a test tube. Take 2ml of urine
& add 2ml of above mixture. A blue color indicates
+ reaction.
34. Causes of hematuria
• Pre renal- bleeding diathesis, hemoglobinopathies,
malignant hypertension.
• Renal- trauma, calculi, acute & chronic glomerulonephritis,
renal TB, renal tumors
• Post renal – severe UTI, calculi, trauma, tumors of urinary
tract
35. Type Plasma color Urine color
Hematuria normal Smoky red
m/s-plenty of
RBC’s
hemoglobunuria Pink,hepatoglob
in reduced
Red ,
occasional
RBC’s
Myoglobunuria Pink, normal
hepatoglobin
Red, occasional
RBC’s
