2. 2
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Steam Basics - Overview
• What is Steam?What is Steam?
• Why is Steam Used?Why is Steam Used?
• How Do We Create Steam?How Do We Create Steam?
• How Do We Identify Steam Properties?How Do We Identify Steam Properties?
2
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®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
This Is Not Steam!
• Steam is a vapor
form of water, and
is colorless,
tasteless, and
odorless
4. What is Steam Used For?
Steam is Used to Transfer HeatSteam is Used to Transfer Heat
Energy From One Location toEnergy From One Location to
AnotherAnother
4
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5. Why Use SteamWhy Use Steam
Steam is an
efficient heat
transfer
medium
Steam is
easily
controlled
We have a lot of
knowledge
concerning
steam
We have already
developed the
equipment and
expertise to design
and install steam
systems for many
different
applications
6. 6
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®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
How We Create Steam
• Steam is created by adding Heat Energy to water.
• Heat Energy is expressed in Btu’s.
• 1 Btu is the amount of Heat Energy required to
raise the temperature of 1 pound of water by 1°F.
7. 7
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How We Create Steam
The Heat Energy required to create steam has two
forms:
Sensible Heat
Latent Heat
8. 8
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Heat Energy – Sensible Heat
• Sensible Heat is the amount of Heat Energy
required to raise the temperature of water from
32°F to the boiling point (saturated liquid) at a given
pressure
– Sensible Heat raises the temperature of the water and
can be sensed with a thermometer
9. 9
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O PSIG
212° F.
Heat Energy – Sensible HeatHeat Energy – Sensible Heat
1 lb. Water1 lb. Water
HEAT
1 Lb. of Saturated1 Lb. of Saturated WaterWater atat
Atmospheric Pressure ContainsAtmospheric Pressure Contains
180 Btu’s of Sensible Heat180 Btu’s of Sensible Heat
10. 10
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15 PSIG
HEAT
250 °F.
1 Lb. of Saturated1 Lb. of Saturated WaterWater atat
15 PSIG Contains15 PSIG Contains
218 Btu’s of Sensible Heat218 Btu’s of Sensible Heat
Adding Heat Energy – Sensible HeatAdding Heat Energy – Sensible Heat
11. 11
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®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
Heat Energy – Sensible HeatHeat Energy – Sensible Heat
60 PSIG
HEAT
308 °F.
1 Lb. of Saturated1 Lb. of Saturated WaterWater atat
60 PSIG Contains60 PSIG Contains
277 Btu’s of Sensible Heat277 Btu’s of Sensible Heat
12. 12
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Heat Energy – Latent Heat
• Latent Heat is the amount of Heat Energy required
to transform water at the boiling point (saturated
liquid) to steam
– Adding Latent Heat does not raise the temperature –
saturated liquid and steam have the same temperature
for a given pressure
13. 13
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®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
O PSIG
212° F.
Adding Heat Energy – Latent HeatAdding Heat Energy – Latent Heat
1 lb. Steam1 lb. Steam
HEAT
1 Lb. of Steam1 Lb. of Steam at Atmosphericat Atmospheric
Pressure ContainsPressure Contains
970 Btu’s of Latent Heat970 Btu’s of Latent Heat
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15 PSIG
HEAT
250 °F.
Adding Heat Energy – Latent HeatAdding Heat Energy – Latent Heat
1 Lb. of Steam1 Lb. of Steam at 15 PSIGat 15 PSIG
Contains 945 Btu’s ofContains 945 Btu’s of
Latent HeatLatent Heat
15. 15
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Adding Heat Energy – Latent HeatAdding Heat Energy – Latent Heat
60 PSIG
HEAT
308 °F.
1 Lb. of Steam1 Lb. of Steam at 60 PSIGat 60 PSIG
Contains 904 Btu’s ofContains 904 Btu’s of
Latent HeatLatent Heat
16. 16
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What is the Effect of Pressure?
Increased Pressure:
– Decreases the amount of Latent Heat
– Increases the amount of Sensible Heat
17. 17
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What is the Effect of Pressure?
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Latent
Heat
BTU/lb
Sensible
Heat
BTU/lb
0 psig
15 pig
50 psig
18. 18
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What Is The Effect Of Pressure?
• Increased Pressure:
– Decreases the Specific Volume
26.8
13.8
5.8
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1
Specific Volume vs. Pressure
(cu. ft / lb) (psig)
0 PSIG
15 PSIG
60PSIG
19. 19
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What Is The Effect Of Pressure?
• Increased Pressure:
– Increases the Steam Temperature
212
250
308
0
100
200
300
400
1
Steam Temperature vs. Pressure
(Deg. F) (psig)
0 PSIG
15 PSIG
60PSIG
20. 20
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The Pressure / Temperature /
Volume Relationship
LatentHeat
SensibleHeat
SpecificVolume
SteamPressure
SteamTemperature
21. 21
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Identifying Steam Properties
Steam Tables
22. 22
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Steam tables allow us to
identify all of the important
properties of steam, given
either the steam temperature or
the steam pressure
23. Example: Steam at 250o
F is at 15 psig, with 945 Btu’s/lb of Latent Heat
Steam at 5 psig is at 228o
F, with 196 Btu’s/lb of Sensible Heat
24. 24
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Now That We’ve Made Steam
What Do We Do With ItWhat Do We Do With It
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Since Steam is used to Transfer
Heat Energy From One Location
to Another . . .
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It only makes sense that we takeIt only makes sense that we take
the heat energy back out andthe heat energy back out and
use it to do work.use it to do work.
27. 27
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Removing Latent Heat
Atmospheric Pressure
Btu's
32
180212
970
1150
212
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1 lb. of Steam at 212°F, with a TOTAL HEAT content
of 1150 Btu/lb. – 970 Btu’s of LATENT HEAT
= 1 lb. of boiling water (Saturated Liquid) at 212°F
with a heat content of 180 BTU’s/lb.
28. Remember:
The Latent Heat added at the boiler is what we have
available to do work in our equipment
BUT . . .
When we remove Latent Heat we create Condensate
28
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®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
Latent Heat can be removedLatent Heat can be removed
intentionally, in a piece of heatintentionally, in a piece of heat
exchange equipment, orexchange equipment, or
unintentionally, fromunintentionally, from radiationradiation
heat loss in pipingheat loss in piping
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What does this Unintentional Heat
Loss Mean to your Steam System?
100 psig
337.9°F
50.3 psig
297.97°F
PRV
Trap
Trap
Trap
Trap
Trap
Trap
Vent
Condensate Steam Vapor
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It Means:
The Steam System is Constantly Being Filled With
Water (Condensate)
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It Means:
Your Steam System is Subject to Corrosion
Subcooled Condensate + CO2
Forms Carbonic Acid
( CO2
+ H2
O = H2
CO3
)
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It Means:
Your Steam System is Subject to Water
Hammer
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It Means:
Your Heat Exchange Equipment is
Less Efficient
35. 35
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®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
It Means:
Your System Must Be Properly Piped
36. 36
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®Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
It Means:
Your Equipment Must Be Properly TrappedYour Equipment Must Be Properly Trapped
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Armstrong Promise
We provide intelligent system solutions that improve
utility performance, lower energy consumption, and
reduce environmental emissions . . . while providing
an “enjoyable experience”!
Intelligent System Solutions S T E A M • A I R • H O T W A T E R
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®
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