A more detailed account of the preliminaries of risk management

1. Risk Management: A Conceptual Framework B.V.Raghunandan, SVS College, Bantwal-Karnataka-India

2. Meaning of Risk Risk is defined as possibility of loss Lico Reis, ”Degree of uncertainty of return on an asset” Investopedia (www.invetopedia.com), ”The chance that an investment's actual return will be different than expected”. Philippe Jorion, ”the volatility of unexpected outcomes, which can represent the value of assets, equity or earnings”

3. Classification of Risks

4. A] Pure Risk It is a risk where there is no possibility of profit There is the expense in the form of insurance premium There is a loss when the compensation paid by insurance company is less than the actual loss It is a method of dividing the risk among those exposed to a particular type of risk

5. B] Speculative Risk Speculative risk not only attempts to compensate for the loss, but may also bring in a profit Financial risk management tools may bring in profit apart from covering the risk

6. A] Pure Risk Management Life Insurance and General Insurance Life Insurance Principles: Utmost Good faith, and Insurable Interest General Insurance Principles: - Utmost Goodfaith -Insurable Interest -Indemnity -Subrogation -Contribution

7. Principle of Utmost Goodfaith Insured should reveal to the insurers all the material facts about the subject-matter This principle is applicable to all types of insurance contracts In life insurance, all the facts about the health of the insured person should be revealed to the insurers In case of any material facts concealed, the insurer can avoid his liability

8. Principle of Insurable Interest A person standing to gain from the existence of the subject matter or stands to lose by its destruction has insurable interest in the subject matter Everyone has insurable interest in his life, in the life of his spouse and in the lives of his children and vice versa In case properties, the owner has insurable interest and the lender on the security of the property

9. Principle of Indemnity It applies only to general insurance It does not apply to life insurance contracts According to the principle, the compensation payable in case of damage is equal or less than the loss suffered Insurance contracts are not to give any profit to the insured Under no circumstance, the compensation will exceed the loss incurred

10. Principle of Subrogation It is an extension of the principle of indemnity Applicable to general insurance contracts and not to life insurance contracts Once the compensation is paid for the total loss of the subject matter, the insurers get the ownership of the damaged subject-matter

11. Principle of Contribution It is also an extension of principle of indemnity Applicable only to general insurance contracts and not to life insurance contracts In case of double insurance, both the insurers put together will contribute towards the compensation proportionately Both the insurers will give a compensation that will not exceed the loss

12. Reinsurance Reinsurance is an arrangement whereby the original insurer insures the subject-matter with another insurer for a lesser amount This is to reduce his contingent liability In case of loss, he receives the reinsurance amount and contributes the remaining amount to the insured In double insurance, the insured pays premium to two insurance companies. In reinsurance, the insured pays a single premium and the insurer pays a lesser premium to another insurer

13. Types of Pure Risks Risks relating to physical assets Risks relating to human assets Risks relating to liability

14. B] Speculative Risks Business Risk Default Risk Market Risk Liquidity Risk Credit Risk Exchange Risk Financial Risk External Environment Risk Environment Risk Attrition Risk Manufacturing Risk Risk of Natural Calamity

15. Handling the Risk Risk Management Risk Retention

16. Risk Management: Action Risk Avoidance Diversification Spin-off Risk Transfer Risk Sharing Fighting Fire with Fire

17. Risk Retention: Acceptance Rationale: 1. When it can not be avoided 2. High cost of management of risk 3. Risk management may increase loss 4. Where control is difficult 5. Where risk management is too complex

18. Risk Management Process: Steps Involved Identification of Objectives: competition, stability in earnings, meeting customer expectation, treasury management, cost control, protecting foreign markets Identification of Risks Evaluation of Risk Selection of Policy Developing Strategy Organisational Authority Organisational Control & Corrective Action

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