This chapter discusses the components and functions of blood. Blood is composed of plasma and formed elements including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. White blood cells help fight infection. Platelets help form blood clots to stop bleeding. The blood types are determined by antigens on red blood cells. Proper matching of blood types is important for safe blood transfusions.

1. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 14 Lecture PowerPoint

2. 2402 Anatomy and Physiology II Chapter 14 Susan Gossett [email_address] Department of Biology Paris Junior College

3. Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology Twelfth Edition Shier  Butler  Lewis Chapter 14 Blood Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

5. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Centrifuged Blood Sample Peripheral Blood Smear Liquid (plasma) “ Buffy coat” (white blood cells and platelets) Red blood cells Red blood cells Platelets White blood cells

6. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Plasma = 55% Capillary tube Plug Buffy coat Red cells = 45% (hematocrit)

7. Blood (4.8%) (95.1%) (0.1%) Plasma Hormones Monocytes Basophils Eosinophils Neutrophils (54–62%) (1–3%) (<1%) (3–9%) (25–33%) Globulins Albumins (92%) (7%) N 2 O 2 CO 2 Platelets Red blood cells Proteins Nutrients Gases 45% 55% Wastes Water White blood cells Electrolytes Vitamins Lymphocytes Fibrinogen Formed elements Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

9. The Origin of Blood Cells Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. (b) Megakaryoblast Myeloid stem cell Megakaryocyte Monocyte Macrophage T lymphocyte B lymphocyte Plasma cell Hematopoietic stem cell Myeloblast Progranulocyte Erythroblast Normoblast Reticulocyte Erythrocyte In circulating blood Neutrophil Basophil Granulocytes Eosinophil Proerythroblast Monoblast Promonocyte Prolymphocyte Prolymphocyte In red bone marrow Agranulocytes (a) Lymphoid stem cell Lymphoblast B cell precursor Lymphoblast T cell precursor Neutrophilic myelocyte Basophilic myelocyte Eosinophilic myelocyte Eosinophilic band cell Basophilic band cell Neutrophilic band cell Thrombocytes (platelets) Activated in tissues (some cells)

14. Bilirubin Bone Blood Liver Globin + Heme 3 2 1 Absorption 4 5 Macrophage Hemoglobin Iron + Biliverdin 8 6 7 Bile Red bone marrow Red blood cells produced Red blood cells circulate in bloodstream for about 120 days Old red blood cells Blood transports absorbed nutrients Nutrients from food Vitamin B 12 Folic acid Iron Small intestine Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

15. (b) (a) a: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer :b © Ed Reschke Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

16. 14.1 Clinical Application King George III and Porphyria Variegata

17. Destruction of Red Blood Cells

25. Epidermis Dermis Blood vessels 1 Splinter punctures epidermis 5 6 2 3 4 Injured cells release histamine, causing blood vessels to dilate Bacteria multiply Bacteria are introduced into the dermis Neutrophils destroy bacteria by phagocytosis Neutrophils move through blood vessel walls and migrate toward bacteria Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

28. 14.2 Clinical Application Leukemia

42. © SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

45. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Tissue damage Releases Factor Vll Factor X (Ca +2 ) (Ca +2 ) Activates (Ca +2 ) Converts Converts (Ca +2 ) (Ca +2 ) Activates Activates Factor V Fibrin Factor lX Factor Xl Factor X Activates Activates Activates Activates Activates Hageman Factor Xll Factor V Stabilizes Factor Xlll Extrinsic Clotting Mechanism Tissue thromboplastin (Factor lll) Blood contacts foreign surface Intrinsic Clotting Mechanism Prothrombin activator Prothrombin (Factor ll) Thrombin (Factor lla) Fibrinogen (Factor l) Fibrin clot Factor Vlll platelet phospholipids

47. Lumen Lumen Artery wall Plaque Artery wall (a) (b) © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

48. 14.3 Clinical Application Deep Vein Thrombosis

53. Type B blood Type AB blood Type O blood Red blood cell Red blood cell Anti-B antibody Antigen A Anti-A antibody Anti-B antibody Red blood cell Antigen A Antigen B Red blood cell Anti-A antibody Antigen B Type A blood Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

54. Red blood cell Anti-B antibody (a) (c) (d) (b) Agglutinated red blood cells Anti-A antibody Antigen A c: © G.W. Willis/Visuals Unlimited; figure d: © George W. Wilder/Visuals Unlimited Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

55. 14.1 From Science to Technology Blood Typing and Matching: From Serology to DNA Chips

59. + + + + + + + + + – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – + + + + + + + + + – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – + + + + + + + + + + Rh-negative woman with Rh-positive fetus Cells from Rh-positive fetus enter woman’s bloodstream In the next Rh-positive pregnancy, maternal antibodies attack fetal red blood cells Woman becomes sensitized— antibodies ( + ) form to fight Rh-positive blood cells + – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

63. Quiz 14 Complete Quiz 14 now! Read Chapter 15.