1. HISTORY OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION:
1688 TO PRESENT
LECTURE 8:
THE NORTH ATLANTIC REVOLUTIONS

2. I. Review: The Structure of the Old Regime
A. Hierarchy, Order, and the Challenges of State
Centralization
1. Political Philosophy
a. Absolutism
b. Constitutionalism
2. Towns, Churches,
Representative Institutions,
Regional Allegiances and
Traditions
3. Warfare, Bureaucracy, and
Tax Collection
4. The Scientific Revolution
and the Enlightenment

3. I. Review: The Structure of the Old Regime
A. Hierarchy, Order, and the Challenges of State
Centralization
B. The State and the Economy
1. Warfare and Its Costs
2. Slavery, Empire, and the
Global Economy

4. I. Review: The Structure of the Old Regime
A. Hierarchy, Order, and the Challenges of State
Centralization
B. The State and the Economy
1. Warfare and Its Costs
2. Slavery, Empire, and the
Global Economy
3. Middling Sorts
4. Peasants
a. Population surge
b. Agricultural output and
distribution
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
1700 1750 1800
European Population Growth in the 18th Century
(millions)

5. I. Review: The Structure of the Old Regime
A. Hierarchy, Order, and the Challenges of State
Centralization
B. The State and the Economy
1. Warfare and Its Costs
2. Slavery, Empire, and
the Global Economy
3. Middling Sorts
4. Peasants
a. Population surge
b. Agricultural output, enclosure, and distribution
c. The Moral Economy and Food Riots
William Hogarth, Skimmington from the Hudibras series

6. Population and Subsistence Crises
Poor Harvests
Grain Shortage
High Prices
Undernourishment
Unemployment
Disease
Migration
Marriages and
Birth Rates Fall
Death Rate
Rises
Population
Declines

7. I. Review: The Structure of the Old Regime
A. Hierarchy, Order, and the Challenges of State
Centralization
B. The State and the Economy
C. A Society of Orders and the
Three Estates

8. I. Review: The Structure of the Old Regime
A. Hierarchy, Order, and the Challenges of State
Centralization
B. The State and the Economy
C. A Society of Orders and the Three Estates
D. The Wars of the Eighteenth Century
1. Struggle for Territory in Europe (e.g. War of Austrian
Succession and French desire for Austrian
Netherlands)
2. Struggle for Empire (e.g. 7 Yrs.’ War and French-
English struggle for N. America and India)
3. Struggle for Independence (e.g. War of American
Independence)

9. League of
Augsburg
(1689-1697)
Diderot and d’Alembert, Encyclopedia (1751-72)
England
William III (1688-1702)
Anne (1702-1714)
George I (1714-1727)
George II (1727-1760)
George III (1760-1820)
The Enlightenment (1687-1789)
Locke (1632-1704)
PoliticalPersonagesEnlightenment
Thought
Newton, Principia mathematica
(1687)
Spanish
Succession
(1701-1714)
Voltaire (1694-1766)
Montesquieu (1689-1755)
Diderot (1713-1784)
Rousseau (1712-1788)
Hume (1711-1776)
Newton (1642-1727)
Smith (1723-1790)
Equiano (1745-1797)
Locke, Second Treatises on Government, Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690)
Voltaire, Philosophical
Letters (1734)
Hume, Treatise on
Human Nature
(1740)
Montesquieu, Spirit of the Laws (1748)
Rousseau, Social Contract (1762)
Smith, Wealth of Nations (1776)
MajorWars
Austrian
Succession
(1740-1748)
Seven Yrs.’
War
(1756-1763)
American
Revolution
(1776-1783)
France
Louis XIV (1651-1715)
Duc of Orleans,
Regent (1715-1723)
Louis XV (1723-1774)
Louis XVI (1774-1793)
Spain
Charles II (1665-1701)
Philip V (1701-1746)
Ferdinand VI (1746-1759)
Charles III (1759-1788)
Charles IV (1788-1808)
Austria
Leopold VI (1657-1705)
Joseph I (1705-1711)
Charles III (1711-1740)
Maria Theresa (1740-1780)
Joseph II (1780-1790)
Prussia
Frederick I (1701-1713)
Frederick William (1713-1740)
Frederick II (1740-1786)
Frederick William II (1786-1797)
Great Northern War
(1700-1720)

10. I. Review: The Structure of the Old Regime
II. The Revolution in the British Colonies
A. Historiography

11. socio-economic causes
Ideological causes Whigs
(19th
century)
e.g. Bancroft, Fiske
1.Progress and modernity
2.Constitutional development
3.Whiggish heroes were moderate
reformers, not radicals
Neo-Whigs
(late 20thh
century-)
e.g. Bailyn, Wood
1.Ideological origins of revolution
2.Constitutional development
3.Public sphere and the
radicalism of people through
debate
Revolutionaries
are
progressive
Revolutionaries
are
conservative
Progressives
(late19thh
century-)
e.g. Beard, Schlesinger
1.Economic factors drove revolution
2.Democratic radicalism unleashed by
revolution; constitution was attempt to
control
3.Colonial American society was
undemocratic & divided by class
New Left
(1960s-)
e.g. Zinn, Lemisch, Nash
1.Centrality of class, race, gender
2.History from below
3.Whiggish heroes often self-interested
Imperial School
(late 19thh
century-)
e.g. Namier, Gipson Schuyler
1.Revolution part of larger imperial policy
and debates
2.Revolution a response to poor political
policy in Britain
Conservative
(mid 20thh
century)
e.g. Hoftsader, Boorstin
1.Revolutionaries desired to replace
leaders, not system
2.American system was relatively
democratic before revolution
3.Class conflict not significant to
revolution

12. I. Review: The Structure of the Old Regime
II. The Revolution in the British Colonies
A. Historiography
B. Justifications (Declaration of Independence)

13. We hold these Truths to be self-evident, that all Men are created equal, that
they are endowed, by their CREATOR, with certain unalienable Rights, that
among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness.--That to secure
these Rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just
Powers from the Consent of the Governed, that whenever any Form of
Government becomes destructive of these Ends, it is the Right of the People to
alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its Foundation on
such Principles, and organizing its Powers in such Form, as to them shall seem
most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate,
that Governments long established, should not be changed for light and
transient Causes; and accordingly all Experience hath shewn, that Mankind are
more disposed to suffer, while Evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by
abolishing the Forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long Train of
Abuses and Usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object, evinces a
Design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their Right, it is their
Duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future
Security. Such has been the patient Sufferance of these Colonies; and such is
now the Necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of
Government. The History of the present King of Great-Britain is a History of
repeated Injuries and Usurpations, all having in direct Object the Establishment
of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted
to a candid World.

14. We hold these Truths to be self-evident, that all Men are created equal, that
they are endowed, by their CREATOR, with certain unalienable Rights, that
among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness.--That to secure
these Rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just
Powers from the Consent of the Governed, that whenever any Form of
Government becomes destructive of these Ends, it is the Right of the People to
alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its Foundation on
such Principles, and organizing its Powers in such Form, as to them shall seem
most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate,
that Governments long established, should not be changed for light and
transient Causes; and accordingly all Experience hath shewn, that Mankind are
more disposed to suffer, while Evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by
abolishing the Forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long Train of
Abuses and Usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object, evinces a
Design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their Right, it is their
Duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future
Security. Such has been the patient Sufferance of these Colonies; and such is
now the Necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of
Government. The History of the present King of Great-Britain is a History of
repeated Injuries and Usurpations, all having in direct Object the Establishment
of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted
to a candid World.

15. We hold these Truths to be self-evident, that all Men are created equal, that
they are endowed, by their CREATOR, with certain unalienable Rights, that
among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness.--That to secure
these Rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just
Powers from the Consent of the Governed, that whenever any Form of
Government becomes destructive of these Ends, it is the Right of the People to
alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its Foundation on
such Principles, and organizing its Powers in such Form, as to them shall seem
most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate,
that Governments long established, should not be changed for light and
transient Causes; and accordingly all Experience hath shewn, that Mankind are
more disposed to suffer, while Evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by
abolishing the Forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long Train of
Abuses and Usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object, evinces a
Design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their Right, it is their
Duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future
Security. Such has been the patient Sufferance of these Colonies; and such is
now the Necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of
Government. The History of the present King of Great-Britain is a History of
repeated Injuries and Usurpations, all having in direct Object the Establishment
of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted
to a candid World.

16. I. Review: The Structure of the Old Regime
II. The Revolution in the British Colonies
A. Historiography
B. Justifications (Declaration of Independence)
C. Women and the Revolution

17. Response to the Sugar Act (1764) and the Townsend Duties (1767)
Since the Men from a Party, on fear of a Frown,Are kept by a Sugar-Plumb,
quietly down. Supinely asleep, & depriv'd of their Sight Are strip'd of their
Freedom, and rob'd of their Right. If the Sons (so degenerate) the Blessing
despise [hate], Let the Daughters of Liberty, nobly arise, And tho' we've no
Voice, but a negative here. The use of the Taxables, let us forebear [boycott],
(Then Merchants import till yr. Stores are all full May the Buyers be few & yr.
Traffick [sales] be dull. ) Stand firmly resolved & bid Grenville to see That rather
than Freedom, we'll part with our Tea
--Hannah Griffitts,"The Female Patriots," 1768,
http://womhist. alexanderstreet. com/teacher/DBQamrev1. htm

18. OBITUARY FROM THE LEADER OF THE LADIES ASSOCIATION OF
PHILADELPHIA
We hear from Maryland, that the most liberal contributions have been made
by the women of that State, for the assistance of the army, -- That some
individuals have presented 15 guineas -- that in one of the smallest and most
remote counties, have been collected upwards of 60,000 dollars -- that a
considerable part of the sums collected has been laid out in the purchase of
linen, and a thousand shirts are already made up; no woman of whatever
quality neglecting the honour of assisting with her own hands to make them up.
The women of this city [Philadelphia] have been employed in like manner,
which, when it is related in Europe, will be a signal honour to our cause. Those
disposed to lessen [hurt] the reputation of female patriotism might have said
that what our women have contributed, must, in the first instance, have come
from the pockets of their husbands; but, where their own labour is bestowed,
the most delicate fingers being employed in the workmanship, it must be
acknowledged an effort of virtue, the praise of which must peculiarly belong to
themselves.
--Excerpt from Esther Reed Obituary, Pennsylvania Gazette, 27 September
1780, http://womhist. alexanderstreet. com/teacher/DBQamrev7. htm

19. I. Review: The Structure of the Old Regime
II. The Revolution in the British Colonies
A. Historiography
B. Justifications (Declaration of Independence)
C. Women and the Revolution
D. Choosing Sides: The Example of the
Six Nations

22. We desire you will hear and receive what we have now told you,
and that you will open a good ear and listen to what we are now
going to say. This is a family quarrel between us and Old England.
You Indians are not concerned in it. We don't wish you to take up
the hatchet against the king's troops. We desire you to remain at
home, and not join on either side, but keep the hatchet buried
deep. " —The Second Continental Congress
A Speech to the Six Confederate Nations, Mohawks, Oneidas,
Tusscaroras, Onondagas, Cayugas, Senekas [a. k. a. Iriquois
Confederacy], from the Twelve United Colonies, convened in
Council at Philadelphia, July 13, 1775,
http://avalon. law. yale. edu/18th_century/contcong_07-13-75. asp

23. Joseph Thayendanegea (Brant) to George III, 1776
The Six Nations who always loved the king, sent a number of their Chiefs and Warriors
with their Superintendent to Canada last summer, where they engaged their allies to joyn
with them in the defense of that country, and when it was invaded by the New England
people they alone defeated them. Brother. In that engagement we had several of our best
Warriors killed and wounded, and the Indians think it very hard they should have been so
deceived by the White people in that country, the enemy returning in great numbers, and
no White people supporting the Indians, they were obliged to return to their villages and
sit still. We now Brother hope to see these bad children chastised, and that we may be
enabled to tell the Indians who have always been faithfull and ready to assist the King,
what his Majesty intends. Brother. The Mohocks [Mohawks] our particular nation, have on
all occasions shewn their zeal and loyalty to the Great King; yet they have been very
badly treated by the people in that country, the City of Albany laying an unjust claim to the
lands on which our Lower Castle is built, . . . We have only therefore to request that his
Majesty will attend to this matter: it troubles our Nation & they can not sleep easie in their
beds. Indeed it is very hard when we have let the Kings subjects have so much land for
so little value, they should want to cheat us in this manner of the small spots we have left
for our women and children to live on. We are tired out in making complaints & getting no
redress.
(E. B. O’Callaghan, ed. Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New
York 15 vols. (Albany, 1853–87): 8:670–71. )

24. 1783 Joseph Thayendanegea (Brant) to Governor Frederick Haldimand of Quebec
Brother Asharekowa and Representatives of the King, the sachems and War Chieftains of the
Six United Nations of Indians and their Allies have heard that the King, their Father, has made
peace with his children the Bostonians. The Indians distinguish by Bostonians, the Americans
in Rebellion, as it first began in Boston, and when they heard of it, they found that they were
forgot and no mention made of them in said Peace, wherefore they have now sent me to
inform themselves before you of the real truth, whether it is so or not, that they are not
partakers of that Peace with the King and the Bostonians. Brother, listen with great attention
to our words, we were greatly alarmed and cast down when we heard that news, and it
occasions great discontent and surprise with our People; wherefore tell us the real truth from
your heart, and we beg that the King will be put in mind by you and recollect what we have
been when his people first saw us, and what we have since done for him and his subjects.
Brother, we, the Mohawks, were the first Indian Nation that took you by the hand like friends
and brothers, and invited you to live amongst us, treating you with kindness upon your
debarkation in small parties. The Oneidas, our neighbors, were equally well disposed towards
you and as a mark of our sincerity and love towards you we fastened your ship to a great
mountain at Onondaga, the Center of our Confederacy, and the rest of the Five Nations
approving of it. We were then a great people, conquering all Indian Nations round about us,
and you in a manner but a handfull, after which you increased by degrees and we continued
your friends and allies, joining you from time to time against your enemies, sacrificing numbers
of our people and leaving their bones scattered in your enemies country. At last we assisted
you in conquering all Canada, and then again, for joining you so firmly and faithfully, you
renewed your assurances of protecting and defending ourselves, lands and possessions
against any encroachment whatsoever, procuring for us the enjoyment of fair and plentiful
trade of your people, and sat contented under the shade of the Tree of Peace, tasting the
favour and friendship of a great Nation bound to us by Treaty, and able to protect us against

25. I. Review: The Structure of the Old Regime
II. The Revolution in the British Colonies
III. The Causes of the French Revolution
A. Historiography
B. Economy: Financing wars in the Eighteenth Century
1. Taxation
2. Borrowing: High interest/short term loans
3. Charles Calonne’s audit
League of
Augsburg
(1689-1697)
Spanish
Succession
(1701-1714)
MajorWars
Austrian
Succession
(1740-1748)
Seven Yrs. ’
War
(1756-1763)
American
Revolution
(1776-1783)
Default
1720
Calonne finishes audit
1786
France
Louis XIV (1651-1715)
Duc of Orleans,
Regent (1715-1723)
Louis XV (1723-1774)
Louis XVI (1774-1793)

26. Louis XIV’s Debt in 1786
Debt
Deficit
Revenue
(GDP)
1. 25 billion livres
112 million livres
448 million livres

27. Louis XIV’s Debt in 1786
Deficit as percentage of state’s
revenue
25%

28. Louis XIV’s Debt in 1786
Debt as percentage of state’s
revenue
250%

29. Louis XIV’s Debt in 1786
Annual interest payments as
percentage of state’s revenue
50%

30. I. Review: The Structure of the Old Regime
II. The Revolution in the British Colonies
III. The Causes of the French Revolution
A. Historiography
B. Economy: Financing wars in the Eighteenth Century
Solutions?
• Pay down debt
• Reduce size army
• Increase taxes
• Tax nobles
• Bankruptcy
• Solution: Assembly of
Notables / Estates
General

31. I. Review: The Structure of the Old Regime
II. The Revolution in the British Colonies
III. The Causes of the French Revolution
A. Historiography
B. Economy: Financing wars in the Eighteenth Century
C. Public Opinion
1. Public debate
2. Politicized nation in an economic crisis
3. Blaming the king

32. I. Review: The Structure of the Old Regime
II. The Revolution in the British Colonies
III. The Causes of the French Revolution
IV. The Causes of the French Revolution
A. Historiography
B. Economy: Financing wars in the Eighteenth Century
C. Public Opinion
D. Poor harvest (1788)
1. Hunger
2. Loss of tax revenue
3. Estates General (May 1789)

33. The French Revolution
1. First FR (1789-1792)
2. French Republic (1792-1799)
a. Creation of Republic (1792-3)
b. The Terror (1793-4)
c. The Directory (1795-99)
Napoleon (1799-1815)
1. The Consulate (1799-1804)
2. Empire (1804-1815)

34. I. The First Revolution (1789-1791)
A. Estates General and the vote:
The Three Estates
1787
Feb. 22 Convening of Assembly of
Notables
1788
Aug. 8 Announcement of Estates
general
1789
May 5 Estates General opens at
Versailles
June 17 National Assembly declared
June 20 Tennis Court Oath
July 14 Storming of Bastilles
Late July The Great Fear
Aug. 4 Abolition of feudal
privileges
Aug. 26 Declaration of Rights of
Man and Citizen
Oct. 5 March to Versailles; Louis
XVI and National
Assembly in Paris
Nov. 2 Church Property
Nationalized

35. I. The First Revolution (1789-1791)
A. Estates General and the vote:
The Three Estates
B. Creation of the National
Assembly: “one man, one vote”
• Tennis Court Oath
1787
Feb. 22 Convening of Assembly of
Notables
1788
Aug. 8 Announcement of Estates
general
1789
May 5 Estates General opens at
Versailles
June 17 National Assembly declared
June 20 Tennis Court Oath
July 14 Storming of Bastilles
Late July The Great Fear
Aug. 4 Abolition of feudal
privileges
Aug. 26 Declaration of Rights of
Man and Citizen
Oct. 5 March to Versailles; Louis
XVI and National
Assembly in Paris
Nov. 2 Church Property
Nationalized

36. Tennis Court Oath

37. Tennis Court Oath

38. I. The First Revolution (1789-1791)
A. Estates General and the vote:
The Three Estates
B. Creation of the National
Assembly: “one man, one vote”
• Significance: not a violent
revolution, until . . .
C. Storming the Bastille
1. Urban strikes and bread riots
2. 17,000 troops to Paris
3. Seizing the Bastille
1787
Feb. 22 Convening of Assembly of
Notables
1788
Aug. 8 Announcement of Estates
general
1789
May 5 Estates General opens at
Versailles
June 17 National Assembly declared
June 20 Tennis Court Oath
July 14 Storming of Bastilles
Late July The Great Fear
Aug. 4 Abolition of feudal
privileges
Aug. 26 Declaration of Rights of
Man and Citizen
Oct. 5 March to Versailles; Louis
XVI and National
Assembly in Paris
Nov. 2 Church Property
Nationalized

39. Storming the Bastille, July 14, 1789

40. I. The First Revolution (1789-1791)
A. Estates General and the vote:
The Three Estates
B. Creation of the National
Assembly: “one man, one vote”
• Significance: not a violent
revolution, until . . .
C. Storming the Bastille
D. The Great Fear
1787
Feb. 22 Convening of Assembly of
Notables
1788
Aug. 8 Announcement of Estates
general
1789
May 5 Estates General opens at
Versailles
June 17 National Assembly declared
June 20 Tennis Court Oath
July 14 Storming of Bastilles
Late July The Great Fear
Aug. 4 Abolition of feudal
privileges
Aug. 26 Declaration of Rights of
Man and Citizen
Oct. 5 March to Versailles; Louis
XVI and National
Assembly in Paris
Nov. 2 Church Property
Nationalized

41. The Great Fear, July 1789

42. I. The First Revolution (1789-1791)
A. Estates General and the vote:
The Three Estates
B. Creation of the National
Assembly: “one man, one vote”
• Significance: not a violent
revolution, until . . .
C. Storming the Bastille
D. The Great Fear
E. Declaration of the Rights of Man
and the Citizen, Natural Law,
and de Gouges (discussion)
1787
Feb. 22 Convening of Assembly of
Notables
1788
Aug. 8 Announcement of Estates
general
1789
May 5 Estates General opens at
Versailles
June 17 National Assembly declared
June 20 Tennis Court Oath
July 14 Storming of Bastilles
Late July The Great Fear
Aug. 4 Abolition of feudal
privileges
Aug. 26 Declaration of Rights of
Man and Citizen
Oct. 5 March to Versailles; Louis
XVI and National
Assembly in Paris
Nov. 2 Church Property
Nationalized

43. Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, August
26, 1789

44. I. The First Revolution (1789-1791)
A. Estates General and the vote:
The Three Estates
B. Creation of the National
Assembly: “one man, one vote”
• Significance: not a violent
revolution, until . . .
C. Storming the Bastille
D. The Great Fear
E. Declaration of the Rights of Man
and the Citizen, Natural Law,
and de Gouges (discussion)
F. March to Versailles
1787
Feb. 22 Convening of Assembly of
Notables
1788
Aug. 8 Announcement of Estates
general
1789
May 5 Estates General opens at
Versailles
June 17 National Assembly declared
June 20 Tennis Court Oath
July 14 Storming of Bastilles
Late July The Great Fear
Aug. 4 Abolition of feudal
privileges
Aug. 26 Declaration of Rights of
Man and Citizen
Oct. 5 March to Versailles; Louis
XVI and National
Assembly in Paris
Nov. 2 Church Property
Nationalized

45. March to Versailles, October 5, 1789

46. I. The First Revolution (1789-1791)
A. Estates General and the vote:
The Three Estates
B. Creation of the National
Assembly: “one man, one vote”
• Significance: not a violent
revolution, until . . .
C. Storming the Bastille
D. The Great Fear
E. Declaration of the Rights of Man
and the Citizen, Natural Law,
and de Gouges (discussion)
F. March to Versailles
G. Seizure of Church property and
1787
Feb. 22 Convening of Assembly of
Notables
1788
Aug. 8 Announcement of Estates
general
1789
May 5 Estates General opens at
Versailles
June 17 National Assembly declared
June 20 Tennis Court Oath
July 14 Storming of Bastilles
Late July The Great Fear
Aug. 4 Abolition of feudal
privileges
Aug. 26 Declaration of Rights of
Man and Citizen
Oct. 5 March to Versailles; Louis
XVI and National
Assembly in Paris
Nov. 2 Church Property
Nationalized

47. I. The First Revolution (1789-1791)
A. Estates General and the vote:
The Three Estates
B. Creation of the National
Assembly: “one man, one vote”
C. Storming the Bastille
D. The Great Fear
E. Declaration of the Rights of Man
and the Citizen, Natural Law,
and de Gouges (discussion)
F. March to Versailles
G. Seizure of Church property and
loyalty oaths
H. Constitutional Monarchy and the
1790
July 12 Civil Constitution of Clergy
Nov. 27 Loyalty Oath from Clergy
1791
June 20 Royal family flees to Varennes
and is apprehended by National
Guard
Oct. 1 Legislative Assembly opens

48. I. The First Revolution (1789-1791)
II. The French Republic (1792-1799)
A. Flight to Varennes and war with
Leopold II’s Austria
1. Declaration of War April 21,
1792
2. August 10, 1792: sans-
culottes attack Tuileries and
force suspension of
monarchy
3. September massacres
1790
July 12 Civil Constitution of Clergy
Nov. 27 Loyalty Oath from Clergy
1791
June 20 Royal family flees to Varennes
and is apprehended by National
Guard
Oct. 1 Legislative Assembly opens
1792
April 20 War declared against Austria
Aug. 10 Attack on Tuileries; monarchy
suspended
Sept. 2-6 September Massacre of
prisoners in Paris
Sept. 21 National Convention meets
Sept. 22 Abolition of monarchy and
creation of Republic

49. I. The First Revolution (1789-1791)
II. The French Republic (1792-1799)
A. Flight to Varennes and war with
Leopold II’s Austria
B. National Convention to write new
constitution
1. Middle class professionals
2. Jacobins
a. Girondins -- relatively
moderate
b. The Mountain -- militants
3. Vote to execute King
1790
July 12 Civil Constitution of Clergy
Nov. 27 Loyalty Oath from Clergy
1791
June 20 Royal family flees to Varennes
and is apprehended by National
Guard
Oct. 1 Legislative Assembly opens
1792
April 20 War declared against Austria
Aug. 10 Attack on Tuileries; monarchy
suspended
Sept. 2-6 September Massacre of
prisoners in Paris
Sept. 21 National Convention meets
Sept. 22 Abolition of monarchy and
creation of Republic

50. January 21, 1793

51. I. The First Revolution (1789-1791)
II. The French Republic (1792-1799)
A. Flight to Varennes
B. National Convention
C. The Terror (1793-4)
1. Committee of Public Safety:
food distribution, war effort,
counterrevolutionary
surveillance (Vendée)
2. Robespierre
3. The Guillotine
1793
Jan. 21 King executed
Feb. 1 Declaration of war against
Britain and Dutch Republic
March 11 Vendée
April 6 Creation of Committee of Public
Safety
June 2 Purge of Girondins
June 24 Ratification of republican
constitution
July 27 Robespierre elected to
Committee of Public Safety
Aug. 23 Levée en masse
Oct. 5 Adoption of revolutionary
calendar
Oct. 16 Execution of Mari Antoinette
1794
July 28 10th
Thermidor; execution of
Rebespierre
Nov. 12 Jacobin clubs closed

52. Dr. Guillotin's machine." Engraving. 1789. Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, France
•Reason
•Humanity
•Equality

53. I. The First Revolution (1789-1791)
II. The French Republic (1792-1799)
A. Flight to Varennes
B. National Convention
C. The Terror (1793-4)
1. Committee of Public Safety:
food distribution, war effort,
counterrevolutionary
surveillance
2. Robespierre (discussion)
3. The Guillotine
4. Republican Virtue
a. La Marseillaise
1793
Jan. 21 King executed
Feb. 1 Declaration of war against
Britain and Dutch Republic
March 11 Vendée
April 6 Creation of Committee of Public
Safety
June 2 Purge of Girondins
June 24 Ratification of republican
constitution
July 27 Robespierre elected to
Committee of Public Safety
Aug. 23 Levée en masse
Oct. 5 Adoption of revolutionary
calendar
Oct. 16 Execution of Mari Antoinette
1794
July 28 10th
Thermidor; execution of
Rebespierre
Nov. 12 Jacobin clubs closed

54. La Marseillaise, 1792
Let us go, children of the fatherland
Our day of Glory has arrived.
Against us stands tyranny,
The bloody flag is raised,
The bloody flag is raised.
Do you hear in the countryside
The roar of these savage soldiers
They come right into our arms
To cut the throats of your sons,
your country.
Sacred love of the fatherland
Guide and support our vengeful arms.
Liberty, beloved liberty,
Fight with your defenders;
Fight with your defenders.
Under our flags, so that victory
Will rush to your manly strains;
That your dying enemies
Should see your triumph and glory
To arms, citizens!
Form up your battalions
Let us march, Let us march!
That their impure blood
Should water our fields
http://old.marseillaise.org/francais/audio/mireille_mathieu_-_la_marseillaise.mp3
Rousseau and the French Revolution

55. I. The First Revolution (1789-1791)
II. The French Republic (1792-1799)
A. Flight to Varennes
B. National Convention
C. The Terror (1793-4)
1. Committee of Public Safety
Robespierre (discussion)
2. The Guillotine
3. Republican Virtue
a. La Marseillaise
b. Calendar and Civic Religion
c. Republican Motherhood
1793
Jan. 21 King executed
Feb. 1 Declaration of war against
Britain and Dutch Republic
March 11 Vendée
April 6 Creation of Committee of Public
Safety
June 2 Purge of Girondins
June 24 Ratification of republican
constitution
July 27 Robespierre elected to
Committee of Public Safety
Aug. 23 Levée en masse
Oct. 5 Adoption of revolutionary
calendar
Oct. 16 Execution of Mari Antoinette
1794
July 28 10th
Thermidor; execution of
Rebespierre
Nov. 12 Jacobin clubs closed

56. Women of the Revolution
Marie Antoinette as serpent

57. mfr 86.184
Republican Motherhood

58. I. The First Revolution (1789-1791)
II. The French Republic (1792-1799)
A. Flight to Varennes
B. National Convention
C. The Terror (1793-4)
D. The Thermidorian Reaction
1. July 27, 1794: Arrest of
Robespierre
2. Release of suspects
3. Truce in the Vendée
III. New Constitution: The Directory
1. Two-house legislature
2. Executive (Directory) w/ 5 members
1793
Jan. 21 King executed
Feb. 1 Declaration of war against
Britain and Dutch Republic
March 11 Vendée
April 6 Creation of Committee of Public
Safety
June 2 Purge of Girondins
June 24 Ratification of republican
constitution
July 27 Robespierre elected to
Committee of Public Safety
Aug. 23 Levée en masse
Oct. 5 Adoption of revolutionary
calendar
Oct. 16 Execution of Mari Antoinette
1794
July 28 10th
Thermidor; execution of
Rebespierre
Nov. 12 Jacobin clubs closed

59. I. Napoleon
A. Early Career
B. 18th Brumaire
C. Reforms
1. Meritocracy
2. Centralized and organized
bureaucracy
3. Finances
4. Public education
5. Napoleonic Codes
6. Peace with Papacy
J.L. David, Napoleon (1812)

60. I. Napoleon
A. Early Career
B. 18th Brumaire
C. Reforms
D. Enlightened rule or despotism?
1. Nobility
2. Freedom of speech
3. Habeas corpus
4. Spies
J.L. David, Napoleon (1812)

61. I. Napoleon
A. Early Career
B. 18th Brumaire
C. Reforms
D. Enlightened rule
or despotism?
1. Nobility
2. Freedom of speech
3. Habeas corpus
4. Spies
5. Warfare to spread revolution
Goya, Third of May, 1808: Execution of Defenders of Madrid

62. Napoleon’s Conquests in 1812

63. I. Napoleon
A. Early Career
B. 18th Brumaire
C. Reforms
D. Enlightened rule
or despotism?
E. The Fall of Napoleon
Wellington as Achilles (Hyde Park, London)
To Arthur, Duke of Wellington,
and his brave companions in arms
this statue of Achilles
cast from cannons won at the victories
of Salamanca, Vittoria, Toulouse and Waterloo
is inscribed by their countrymen
Placed on this spot
on the XVIII day of June MDCXXII
by command of
His Majesty George IIII.

64. I. Napoleon
A. Early Career
B. 18th Brumaire
C. Reforms
D. Enlightened rule
or despotism?
E. The Fall of
Napoleon
F. Europe in 1815